3B

What happens during sarcomere contraction? What happens to the length of thin and thick filaments? What about their distance to one another?

Filaments will not change length but will overlap eachother more

What is a motor unit pool?

Number of motor units that a muscle can recruit for contraction

The size of a motor unit pool is ____ related wit muscle contraction

Directly

As muscle cells contract, motor units will increase the amount of Calcium _____. When relaxing, muscle cells ____ Ca.

Released, reuptake

What are the components of plasma (4)

Proteins, nutrients, salts and hormones

What are the proteins within plasma (3)? What are their functions?

1. Albumin: Major osmo regulatory protein (maintains fluid/stay hydrated

2. Fibrinogen: Clots our blood

3. Immunoglobulins: OUR ANTIBODIES, made by B cells!

What do RBC/erythrocytes lack?

Nuclei and membrane bound organelles?

Do RBCs have mitochondria? Why or why not?

They DO NOT have mitochondria because they would utilize the O2 they need for themselves!

How many subunits does myoglobin have? What does that effect?

It has which, INCREASEES oxygen affinity

This means that myoglobin get saturated MORE QUICKLY than hemoglobin!

Myoglobin has a ___ curve due to ____while hemoglobin has a ____ curve due to ___.

Hyperbolic: Having one subunit

Sigmoidal: Cooperative binding

From what kind of cells do lymphoid and myeloid stem cells come from?

hematopoietic stem cells

What are the stem cell origins of the innate and adaptive immune system respectively?

Myeloid, lymphoid stem cells

What are the two main components of INNATE immunity? What are the components of each? What are the ways of action for the components found in #2? Basically fill in the chart and take note of actions within them.

What is the difference between active and passive antibodies?

Active: Trained B cells create the antibody

Passive: Made by somebody else like mother’s milk or the placenta

Why does a second exposure to virus have a much quicker immune response?

At that point B cells have been trained (specific antibody)and have proliferated and are recruited by helper T cells

What is hemolysis?

When blood cells rupture because blood has foreign antigens that antibodies can’t recognize

Antigens in blood are directly related to their _____. What are the antigens for each?

A: A antigens

B:B antigens

AB: Both antigens

O : No antigens

Antibodies in blood will be made against ____. Can you give examples?

Since A presents A antigens, there are no B antigens so they produce B antibodies (Way to recognize a foreign blood antigens like B)

Meanwhile AB would not have any antibodies since they recognize A and B antigens! That’s why it can only be donated to another with AB blood because we have to make sure there are no antibodies against like in B blood there is a A antibody which would go against the A antigens in AB but they can recieve from all blood types!

O blood type would have A and B antibodies since there are no antigens! With no antigens, they are a UNIVERSAL donor. But they can only recieve blood from O type.

What kind of antibodies are in co dominate blood type? What about Rh factor?

IgM, IgG

What kind of inheritance is Rh factor? How do we distinct antigens? Explain issues with this blood type in mother and newly born child?

Dominant inheritance

Positive or negative, negative meaning no antigens.

You only make antibodies when exposed to a foreign Rh antigens (mixing of blood)

So if mom has B- and their baby is B+ the 1st baby is safe if they mix blood during a procedure but if the mother has a second child with B+ the infant will die due to hemolysis

Increasing the influx of interstitial fluid into the blood stream would ____ blood pressure

Increase

Fill out the table!

A higher osmolarity means that the fluid _____.

Has more solutes in it!

Label the names of each structure, their step, relative osmolarities

The higher the concentration of glucose in the plasma, the __ the rate of filtration into the nephron. How does this relate to reabsorption and excretion?

1. Higher

2. Although reabsorption will increase eventually there will not be enough transporters (transport maximum), then at that point there will be an increase in glucose excretion otherwise known as more sugar in URINE

How does the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary and Bowmans space compare?

Hydrostatic pressure of the capillary is much greater due to the amount of blood coming in, and the oncotic pressure is higher because albumin is too big to filter into the nephron

The hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman capsule on the other hand is much lower. Oncotic pressure is also lower due to less albumin being filtered through.

What contributes to the net flow of fluid into the nephron

The higher hydrostatic pressure from the glomerular capillary!

What happens and why?

Decreases in hydrostatic pressure so less fluid will make it to the glomerulus to be filtered

What if there was a kidney stone?

Back up of fluid in the nephron resulting in increasing hydrostatic pressure of the Bowman space, decreasing filtration

Aldosterone versus vasporessin/ADH(antidiuretic hormone). What regulation do they MOSTLY do?

Aldosterone:Reabsorption water and ION

Regulation: Plasma volume AND pressure

Vasopressin: Reabsorption of water ONLY

Regulation: Plasma osmolarity

The loop of Henley is ____ likely to be longer than the collecting duct

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