gestalt rules of perceptual organization

figure-ground

perceive objects as distinct from their background, allowing focus on specific elements in our visual field

similarity

if objects are similar in size, shape, color, brightness, or other shared attributes, humans perceive them as groups

proximity

things closer to each other appear more related than things farther apart, even if they differ in size, color, or shape

continuity

when visual elements are aligned with each other, our visual perception is biased to perceive them as continuous forms rather than disconnected segments

connectedness

when we see connections in disjointed objects through the use of lines, colors, frames, or other shapes

closure

a natural inclination to perceive incomplete or fragmented visual elements as a complete object