Normandale Anatomy Lecture Exam 1 (ch 1,2,4)

anatomy

the study of the structure of the human body

morphology

the science of form

synonymous with anatomy

physiology

the study of body function

gross anatomy

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

regional anatomy (gross)

all structures in a single body region are examined as a group

systemic anatomy (gross)

all organs with related functions are studied together

microscopic anatomy (histology)

the study of structures that are so small they can be seen only with a microscope

developmental anatomy

the study of the changes in the body throughout life, and the effects of aging

pathological anatomy

the study of structural changes associated with disease

levels of organization in the body (small to large)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

levels of organization in the body (large to small)

organismal, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

chemical level

atoms, molecules, macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids)

cellular level

cells and their functional subunits (organelles)

-smallest living level

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

-epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

role of epithelial tissue

cover and protect body surfaces and internal organs

Role of connective tissue

to support the body and protect organs

Role of muscle tissue

produce movement

role of nervous tissue

control and communication

organ level

one or more tissues functioning together

organ system level

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints- and forms blood cells

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

nervous system

the body's fast acting control system - responding to internal and external changes

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

lymphatic system

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.

respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring

organismal level

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

axial region

Head, neck, and trunk

Forms the main vertical axis of the body

appendicular region

appendages (arms and legs)

The trunk consists of:

thorax, abdomen, pelvis

Superior

cranial

Toward the head

Inferior

caudal

Away from the head

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

Superficial (external)

near the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface

Major body planes

-sagittal plane

-coronal plane

-transerse plane

saggital plane (median)

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal plane (coronal)

Divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Human body characteristics

Tube-within-a-tube

Bilateral symmetry

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Notochord and vertebrae

Segmentation

An

without

Ante

before

The two major body cavities are ________ and ________.

ventral and dorsal

cavities in the ventral cavity

thoracic (superior mediastinum, pleural cavities and pericardial cavity) and abdominal and pelvic cavities

cavities in dorsal cavity

cranial and vertebral

Serous Cavities

Pleaural, pericardial, peritoneal

Between the parietal and visceral layers

serous fluid

Bi

two

Chrom

color

Cyt

cell

Dys

bad

Endo

within

Exo

outside

Hyper

excessive

Inter

between

Lamina

layer

Lysis

breakdown

Contra

against

Dors

back

Epi

above

Infra

below

later

side

Morpho

shape

Para

beside, near

Pariet

wall

Peri

around

Post

Behind

Superior

above

trans

across

parietal membrane

membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

visceral membrane

membrane that covers organs directly

The opposite of superior is:

inferior

The opposite of inferior is:

superior

The opposite of anterior (ventral) is:

posterior (dorsal)

The opposite of posterior (dorsal) is:

Anterior (ventral)

The opposite of medial is:

lateral

The opposite of lateral is:

medial

The opposite of superficial is:

deep

The opposite of deep is:

superficial

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

A cell can

1-obtain nutrients

2-use those nutrients to produce molecules needed for survival

3-dispose of wastes

4-maintain its shape and integrity

5-replicate itself

Organelle

"Little organs" that make up the cell working together for the survival and function of the cell.

cell three main parts

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells