Respiration, Metabolism, Cholride Shift and Cardiac Output

In order to exhale, the pressure within the lungs and thoracic cavity has be (greater or less) than the pressure in the atmosphere? 

greater

When you decrease the size of your thoracic cavity, the pressure inside the cavity will 1 and you will therefore (inhale or exhale) 2.

increase, exhale

Air enters our lungs by going from high atmospheric pressure to low internal pressure.

True

What is the respiratory term described:   Exhaling the maximum amount of air possible into a spirometer and the volume of air is recorded between 2000 mL and 5000 mL (usually). 

vital capacity

1.  What percentage of carbon dioxide enters the cell and binds to water to from carbonic acid? 

about 70%

2.  What percentage of the carbon dioxide that enters the cell binds to hemoglobin? 

about 20%

3.  What percentage of the carbon dioxide that we inhale stays in the plasma and does not enter the cell?  

about 10%

Once carbon dioxide binds to water, it will form 1.   This will ionize to form the bicarbonate ion and 2.

carbonic acid, hydrogen ions

Some of the hydrogen ions that are produced by carbon dioxide in the plasma will be used by the 1 to make HCl.  This HCl will convert 2 to 3 for digestive purposes.

stomach, pepsinogen, pepsin

One reason it is difficult to breathe at the top of a mountain is because the air pressure at high altitudes is _____  than the internal pressure of the thoracic cavity. 

less

An increase in the production of carbon dioxide will cause the blood pH to__1__.

If a patient were hypoventilating, their blood pH will 2.

Holding your breath will  3 internal carbon dioxide levels.  

Excess chloride ions will ultimately cause a/an 4  in blood pH. 

A lack of buffers inside the cells could cause the blood pH to  5.  

Many times, a patient who has asthma cannot exhale adequately.  Therefore, their blood pH could  6.  

1. decrease 2.decrease 3. increase 4.decrease 5.decrease 6. decrease

In order for a buffer to exit the red blood cell,  1 must enter the cell.

An increase in 2 entering the cell will cause a/an__3__ in bicarbonate ions exiting the cell.

1. chloride ions 2. cholride ions 3. increase

Hemoglobin not only transports oxygen and carbon dioxide but it also acts as a/an --1-- to --2-- blood --3--.

1. buffer 2. stabilize 3. pH

Regarding the metabolic pathway that we studied, put the following events in sequence beginning with the digestion of starch.  Your answer to number 1 is starch.

starch

acetyl coenyzme A  

pyruvic acid

glucose

phosphoglyceraldehyde

glucose-6-phosphate

1. starch 2. glucose 3.glucose-6-phosphate 4. phosphoglyceraldehyde 5. pyruvic acid 6. acetyl coenzyme A

In the metabolic sequence that we studied, acetylcoenzyme A will convert  1  to 2.

1. oxaloacetic acid 2. citric acid

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide comes from a vitamin.  Give the name:   --1--  .  Give the number:   --2--

NAD will bind to --3-- during the metabolic processes.    

Choices are:       niacinamide    /    niacin   /    riboflavin     /    B1    /    B2    /    B3    /    B5   

                               sodium ions    /    potassium ions    /    hydrogen ions

1. niacin 2. B3 3. hydrogen ions

NAD picks up a 1 to become NADH.  Electrons from Hydrogen will be delivered to the 2.  Protons will pass through the 3 to enter into the 4.  These protons will accumulate and will eventually rush through the 5 ultimately causing the addition of 6 to phosphate ions generating 7.

Electrons will pass through the electron transport system in an effort to 8 their energy level in order to be able to create covalent bonds between hydrogen and 9 to form water.

1. hydrogen ions 2. electron transport system 3. cytochromes 4. inter membrane space 5. ATP-synthase 6.adensoine diphosphate 7. adenosine triphosphate 8. reduce 9. oxygen

FADH picks up a 1 to become FADH₂.  Electrons from Hydrogen will be delivered to the 2.  Protons will pass through the 3 to enter into the 4.  These protons will accumulate and will eventually rush through the 5 ultimately causing the addition of 6 to phosphate ions generating 7.

Electrons will pass through the electron transport system in an effort to 8 their energy level in order to be able to create covalent bonds between hydrogen and 9 to form water.

1. hydrogen ions 2. electron transport system 3. cytochromes 4. intermembrane space 5. ATP-synthase 6.adensoine diphosphate 7. adenosine triphosphate 8. reduce 9. oxygen

What ultimately passes through ATP synthase thus causing the bombardment of material to form ATP?

hydrogen ions

How do you calculate cardiac output

Heart Rate X Stroke value in mL

Calculate the cardiac output if a patient has a heart rate of 76 and a stroke volume of 60 mL.  Round your value to the nearest tenth.

4.6L

If a patient has a stroke volume of 60 mL, what must their heart rate be in order to have a cardiac output of 5 L

83 L/min

Calculate the ejection fraction of a patient who has a stroke volume of 60 mL and has a volume of 135 mL of blood

44%

A patient goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 128/86 and his pulse is 90.

1.  What is his systolic value?

2.  What is his diastolic value?

3.  What is his pulse pressure?

4.  What is his heart rate?

5.  What is his mean arterial pressure?

1. 128 2. 86 3.42 4. 90 5.100

Describe the process of metabolism within the mitochondria

nutrients enter the cells and reactions start to happen in the mitochondria through the cytosol then more reactions happen in the matrix of the mitchonidra which include the Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle

How many layers and membranes is Mitochondria made of?

2 membranes and 2 layers