Kaarten: Methodology - Chapter 13 - Modes and Methods of Measurement | Quizlet

Behavioural tasks

Structured tasks that researchers use to collect behavioural measures such as response times and task accuracy measures. Typically, computer-controlled and involve measurement based on multiple repetitions (trials) of the same set of procedures.

Cognitive tasks

Behavioural tasks that are designed to measure some aspect of human information processing (attention, memory, language, decision making...)

Trial

The procedure involved with a decision or answer that has an objective correct response

Task paradigm

When a particular task is used and adapted in a way to pursue (nastreven) an extensive programme of research, providing a standard model or tool for examining behaviour within a given line of scientific investigation.

Behavioural observation

The direct observation and systematic recording of behaviours

reliability

When two identical occurrences of the same behaviour are judged in the same way or when a single occurrence of a behaviour is recorded in the same way by two different observers.

Habituation in observation

Repeated exposure until the observers's presence is no longer a novel stimulus.

Behaviour categories

Identifying the categories of behaviour that we want to observe before observation begins, and construct a list of specific behaviours that are examples of each category.

Inter-rater reliability

The degree of agreement between two observers.

The frequency method

The observation method where observers are counting the instances of each specific behaviour that occur during a fixed-time observation period

The duration method

The observation method where observers are recording how much time an individual spends engaging in a specific behaviour during a fixed-time observation period

The interval method

The observation method where the observation period is divided into a series of intervals (e.g.: 30' = 30 x 1') and then observers are recording whether a specific behaviour occurs during each interval.

Time sampling

using a sequence of observing during one interval and pausing to record during the next interval: observe-record-observe-record

Event sampling

identifying one specific event or behaviour to be observed and recorded during the first interval, shifting attention to a different event or behaviour during the second interval and so on for the full series of intervals

Individual sampling

identifying one participant to be observed during the first interval, shifting attention to a different individual during the second interval and so on for the full series of intervals

Content analysis

Measuring the occurrence of specific events, actions or statements in written text or film/video recordings or similar media

Archival research

Looking at pre-existing records to measure behaviours or events that occurred in the past.

Naturalistic observation or non-participant observation

When a researcher observes behaviour in a natural setting as unobtrusively (onopvallend) as possible

Participant observation

When the researcher engages in the same activities as the people being observed in order to observe and records their behaviour.

Structured observation

The observation of behaviour in settings arranged specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviours, also called contrived (=gekunsteld) observation.

Survey research design

A survey simply used for descriptive purposes, a design that is an example of employing the descriptive research strategy.

Open ended question

When a question simply introduces a topic and allows participants to respond in their own words

Restricted questions

A question that presents the participants with a limited number of response alternatives.

Free-text respons

When the participant is free to write or type any response

Likert scale

A rating scale usually represented as a horizontal line divided into categories so that participants can simply circle a number or mark an X at the location corresponding with their response.

Anchor

Verbal labels identifying the opposite extremes establishing the endpoints of the scale.

Response set

When participants tend to use the same response to answer all (or most) of the questions

Non-response bias

When online surveys ( or mail surveys) tend to be answered by people as a self selected sample that may not be representative of the population, thus a biased response because a certain kind of people do not respond.

Interviewer bias

When the interviewer influences the participant's natural responses.

Diary method

A research technique where participants in a study are asked to keep a regular record of the behaviours that the researchers are examining over an extended period of time.

Diary study

When participants in a study are asked to keep a regular record of the behaviours that the researchers are examining over an extended period of time

Experience sampling method

A method to obtain a sample (across time / events / situations) of self-report measurements from each participant in the study.