Ap world - Chapter 12

Seizure of Constantinople, Byzantine

________________________, the capital and almost the only outpost left of the __________ Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

Inca Empire

The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people; the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains.

Iroquois

Confederation of five peoples in what is now New York State; the loose alliance was based on the Great Law of Peace, an agreement to settle disputes peacefully through a council of clan leaders.

Mughal Empire

One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; it was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. 1526-1540, 1555-1857.

Songhay Empire

Major Islamic state of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century. Islam grew here because of Sand Roads.

Aztec Empire

Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica, who had migrated into the region from northern Mexico.

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

European Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society.

Timbuktu

Great city of West Africa, noted in the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries as a center of Islamic scholarship.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.

Safavid Empire

Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early sixteenth century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam.

Zheng He

Great Chinese admiral (1371-1433) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405. Years of voyage 1405 - 1433.

Igbo

People whose lands were east of the Niger River in what is now southern Nigeria in West Africa; they built a complex society that rejected kingship, centralized statehood, and relied on other institutions to provide social coherence.

Paleolithic Persistence

The continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millennia of agricultural advance. Australia and North America

Istanbul

#1 destination for Ancient greek texts, even after it became a Muslim Capital.

Osman Gazi

Founder of the Ottoman Empire. Reigned 1299 - 1324. Known in Italy as Ottomano hence the name Ottoman Empire.

Shia Islam

Religion practiced by the Safavid Empire. Forced on the people in the decade after 1500 and grew in popularity over time. Caused conflicts between neighbors as they practiced Sunni Islam.

Devshirme System

Used by the Ottoman Empire. Sultan had its on personal army made up of Janissaries.

Janissaries

Young Christian boys who were taken at a young age and indoctrinated into the system. Used for Sultans personal army. Could be called slaves as they were forced into this life, but could grow to become some of the most prominent people in the Empire.

Ismail

Founder of the Safavid Empire. He lived July 17, 1481 till May 23, 1524. Heir to the religious dynasty Safavias, a Muslim Religious dynasty.

Safavias

A religious muslim dynasty that is based off of Shia Islam and helped to found the Safavid Empire. Based on belief of 12 imams.

Ancient Persian

Even though Ismail spoke Turkish and was raised in a turkish society, it brought back much of the __________ Culture.

Babur

Raised in a Turco-Mongolian tradition. Famously defeated the Delhi Sultanate. Came to power of the Mughal empire with aid of Gunpowder.

Taj Mahal

Built by Mughal leader Shah Jahan for his wife. Built during a time of famine in India. It was completed in 1653.

Portugal

Country takes the lead in 1415. Had control over slave trade and established European trade in the Indian Ocean.

1433

The year that the Ming dynasty declared that exploration and exchanges with the outside world was too expensive. Ended Zheng He's explorations.

Iroquois League of Five Nations

Also known as the Great Law of Peace. A loose alliance between five Iroquois speaking nations.

Emperor Yongle

Reigned 1402-1422. Sponsored an enormous encyclopedia with 11,000 volumes. He relocated the Chinese capital to Beijing. Ordered the building of the Forbidden city and the Temple of Heaven where Confucian based rituals were performed.

Civil Service Examination System

Reestablished during the Ming dynasty as it had been neglected under Mongol rule.

Fragmented System, Tax

Europe became a decidedly _______________ of many separate independent and highly competitive states. They learned to _______ more efficiently and to have more effective administration standards along with standing armies.

Moscow

A small Russian state centered on this city emerged in the 15th century as Mongol rule faded away.

Hundreds Year War

England and France fought in this war for french territory while in Ming dynasty China there was nothing like this.

Christine de Pizan

(1363-1430) Daughter of Venetian official who mainly lived in Paris. Writings pushed against the misogyny of many other European men.

Sonni Ali

(r. 1465 - 1492) Songhay emperor that was largely the cause for the great cultural divide as he would give alms and fast during Ramadan in correct Islam style but also considered himself a magician and would perform charms on his armies.

Wealth, Hindu

During first 150 years, Mughal empire was land of great ______, and had a remarkable effort to blend many ______ groups and Muslims together.

Mughal, Ottoman

The inclusive policies in the early _________ empire with Hindus was similar to the policies in the ___________ empire towards Christians.

Vijayanagara

Distinctly Hindu kingdom of ___________ flourished in south India even as it borrowed architectural styles from the Muslim states of Northern India.

"Second Flowering of Islam"

The term given to the new energy in the Islamic world military power, economic prosperity, and cultural brilliance. This also helped the religion spread to new regions.

Indian Ocean

A trading network in this area that used mainly elements of Hindu and Buddhism tradition. By the fifteenth century, the network was mainly in Muslim hands.

Spices

An item that was growing in demand from Southeast Asia as the Eurasian world recovered from the destruction of the Mongol empire.

Malay Peninsula, Indonesia

Many Buddhist and Hindu rulers along the ____________ and in __________ converted to Islam while transforming themselves into Islamic sultans and imposing Islamic law.

Malacca

The rise of this city, located on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya, was transformed from a small fishing village to a major Muslim port city.