BioChem final

Carbohydrate hydrolyis

breaks down poly and disaccharides into monosaccharides

TAG hydrolysis

triacylglycerol turns into a glycerol and free fatty acids

Protein hydrolysis

breakage of peptide bonds producing smaller peptides and amino acids

Lipase

enzyme for TAG hydrolysis

Amylase or lactase

enzyme for carbohydrate hydrolysis

Protease

enzyme for protein hydrolysis

Fibrous proteins

elongated shape and insoluble in water

Globular proteins

spherical shape and soluble in water

Oxidoreductase

oxidation/reduction reactions

Transferase

transfer of atoms/groups

Hydrolases

hydrolysis reaction

Lyases

add or remove atoms/groups

Isomerases

rearrangement

Ligases

uses ATP to combine molecules

Primary structure

sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

folding of proteins into alpha-helixes or beta-sheets

Tertiary structure

overall 3d shape of a protein

Quaternary structure

arrangement of polypeptide subunits

Citric acid cycle

takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces lots of ATP

ATP

key signaling molecule and building block for nucleic acids

Aerobic fate

converts to acetyl CoA and can cross the mitochondrion membrane

Anaerobic fate

converts to lactate or ethanol and occurs in the cytosol

Anaerobic ethanol

forms an aldehyde

Glycolysis

breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP and pyruvate

Glycogenesis

process of converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage driven by insulin

Glucogenesis

glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources during fasting or prolonged excercize

Glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen into glucose to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting

Step 1: dehydrogenation

an alkane becomes an alkene

Step 2: hydration

an alkene becomes an alcohol

Step 3: dehydrogenation

alcohol becomes a ketone

Step 4: thiolysis

formation of acetyl CoA + acyl CoA

Ketosis

ketones are used as the bodies primary fuel source

Ketogenesis

biochemical process that creates ketone bodies

Ketone bodies

acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutylate, acetone

Lipogenesis

lipids are made from acetyl CoA

Anabolic synthesis

happens in the cytosol with an acyl carrier protein

Catabolic degradation

happens in the mitochondria matrix with a CoA carrier protein

Nitrogen balance

amount of nitrogen entering the body versus the amount leaving

Urea cycle

removal of excess nitrogen from our body

Urea cycle step 1

carbamoyl transfer to ornithine to form citrulline

Urea cycle step 2

ASS adds aspartate to citrulline

Urea cycle step 3

arginosuccinate splits fumarate from argininosuccinate

Urea cycle step 4

arginase hydrolyzes a carbon-nitrogen bond to yield urea and ornithine

Reaction of urea cycle step 1

condensation and phosphorylation reaction

Reaction of urea cycle step 2

condensation

Reaction of urea cycle step 3

condensation

Reaction of urea cycle step 4

hydrolysis