BSC 228 - Moore - Final Exam - 16-19 - Full Guide

Alveolar Cells

Gas exchange occurs in these cells

Boyle's Law

Law that states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Dalton's Law

at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

Diseases responsible for alveolar destruction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Emphysema

Parietal Pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

Visceral Pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

intrapleural space

Space between the two membranes, visceral pleura and parietal pleura, that cover the lungs.

Pulse Oximeter

an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood

Medicine to avoid with Asthma

Aspirin

Top 5 causes of death world wide

Heart disease, COPD, Cancer, alcholism

Anthracosis

coal dust accumulates in the lungs, aka Black Lung

primary component of kidney stones

Calcium, also other minerals

Micutrition

The act of voiding urine

Stress Incontinence

is present when urine leakage occurs due to increased abdominal pressure, as during sneezing, coughing, and laughing

overactive incontinence

Uncontrolled contractions of the detrusor muscles

1 million

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

20%

How much cardiac output is to the kidneys

Renin

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

Aldosterone

"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

A neurohormone secreted by the heart in response to ventricular expansion that an determine CHF

hemodialysis

Blood is cleansed of waste as it passes through dialysis fluid

CAPD - continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

dialysis fluid introduced to the abdominal cavity where wastes can pass out of abdominal blood vessels; fluid is then pumped out of the abdominal cavity

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

What plasma proteins are in the blood

Respiratory Zone

Site of Gas exchange

Erythropoeitins

Hormone that stimulates RBC production

Surfactant

Secretions of Type 2 Alveolar cells

Cytokines

Secretions of T Cells

Histamines

Secretions of Mast cells

Insulin

Secretions of Beta cells

small intestine

Primary site of absorption of carbs, fats, and proteins

duodenum and jejnum

Absorption of micronutrients and vitamins

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction, acts from PNS

Appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix, causes pain in the right lower quadrant

Hepatic Portal System

the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver

Bilirubin

pigment released by the liver in bile | makes feces brown

Essential fatty acids

Linoleic and Linolenic or Omega 3 and Omega 6

A, D, E, K vitamins

Fat Soluble vitamins

B's and C Vitamins

Water Soluble Vitamins

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Causes of Anemia

blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC destruction

BMI Over 30

Bmi for Obese

BMI 25-29.9

BMI for Overweight

BMI 19-25

BMI for Healthy

Ventilation (breathing)

What is the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs?

Cellular Respiration

Oxygen utilization by tissues to make ATP

External Respiration

Ventilation and gas exchange in lungs

Internal Respiration

Oxygen utilization and gas exchange in tissues

Diffusion

How does occurs via diffusion

Lungs

O2 concentration is higher in the ____ than in the blood, so O2 diffuses into blood

Conduction zone

gets air to the respiratory zone

Respiratory zone

site of gas exchange

Alveoli

Air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

Type I: 95 to 97% total surface area where gas exchange occurs

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

secrete pulmonary surfactant and reabsorb sodium and water, preventing fluid buildup

Pathway of Air

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, R+L primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Larynx, Folds

Voice production in the ______ as air passes over the vocal _____

mucociliary escalator

Mucus moves along by cilia that beat in a coordinated fashion to the pharynx

cystic fibrosis

the mucociliary escalator fails to function properly. This is because this abnormal mucus is too thick

Important Physical Properties of Lungs

Compliance, elasticity, and surface tension are important physical properties of the lungs

Intrapulmonary/intra-alveolar

Pressure in the lungs

Intrapleural pressure

pressure within the intrapleural space

surfactent

surface active agent, secreted by type 2 alveolar cells

Diaphragm

What muscle is most involved in breathing?

external intercostal muscles

raise the rib cage during inspiration

Internal intercostal muscles

lowers the rib cage during forced expiration

Parasternal intercostal muscles

in between the costal cartilages; works with the internal intercostals

Spirometry

Subject breathes in device that records volume and frequency of air movement on aspirogram

Tidal Volume

amount of air expired or inspired in each breath of quiet breathing

Expiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume

Residual volume

amount of air left in lungs after maximum expiration

vital capacity

maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Total lung capacity

amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

Inspiratory capacity

amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal expiration

Functional residual capacity

amount of air in lungs after a quiet expiration

Vital Capacity calculations

inspiratory reserve volume +expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume

Functional Residual Capacity

residual volume +expiratory reserve volume

Total Minute Volume

tidal volume x breaths per minute (~ 6L/min)49

Eupnea

normal breathing

restricitve lung disorders

Damaged lung tissue, thus vital capacity is reduced but forced expiration is normal

Obstructive Disorders

Tissue is not damaged and vital capacity is normal, but forced expiration is reduced

Dyspnea

shortness of breath

Emphysema

Destruction of alveoli

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic inflammation, narrowing of the airways, and alveolar destruction

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A form of scar tissue in the lungs

Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Levels

760 mmHg

Henry's Law

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid

normal oxyhemoglobin saturation

97%

Pulse Oximeters

Noninvasive clip that uses light to measure oxygen

Pre-Botzinger Complex

neurons of the ventral respiratory group in the medulla that are the respiratory rhythm generator

hypercapnia

excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

muscles of expiration

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Unmyelinated C fibers

In the lungs, these fibers are affected by capsaicin

Irritant receptors

in wall of larynx; respond to smoke, particulates, etc.

Rapidly Adapting Receptors

in lungs, respond to excess fluid

Hering-Breuer reflex

an involuntary impulse triggered by stretch receptors that halts inspiration and initiates exhalation

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen, each RBC can carry over a billion O2.

2,3-DPG

This enzyme stimulates oxygen release from hemoglobin when blood pH is low (hypoxic/acidotic).

Muscle Myoglobin

red pigment found in skeletal and cardiac muscles, similar to hemoglobin but only carries 1 heme and thus 1 Oxygen.