Dr. Lewis Mindsweep (lec 9-11)

Define enzyme

protein catalysts for chemical reactions in biological systems

Name the substance on which the enzyme acts (catalyzes)

substrate

What is the enzyme's active site?

the region where substrate binds to the enzyme

What are the various classifications of enzymes

oxidoreductase- catalyze oxidoreduction rxns

transferase- transfer functional groups

hydrolase- catalyze hydrolysis

isomerase- change molecules from one chemical form to another

lyase- break chemical bonds w/o water

ligase- join large molecules by forming chemical bonds

Explain the function of the Michaelis-Menten equation

describes the rate of enzymatic reactions and is fundamental in enzyme kinetics

List the factors that affect enzyme activity

substrate concentration, temperature, & pH

Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition

competitive inhibition- competes with substrate for the active site

noncompetitive inhibition- inhibitor binds elsewhere, affecting enzyme function

Define allosteric enzyme

a regulatory enzyme involved in feedback inhibition

Explain feedback inhibition

a buildup of final product causes a shutdown of pathway synthesis

Name the enzyme biomarkers and diseases diagnosed

LDH- anemia, kidney disease, heart attack, & cancer

transaminase- liver damage

lipase- pancreatitis

CK- injury to skeletal/heart muscle

List the elements found in carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

Describe the ratio of the elements that compose the carbohydrates

C : H : O

1 : 2 : 1

List the formula for the carbohydrates

monosaccharides: CnH2n​On

disaccharides: Cn​H2n​On−1​

oligosaccarides: Cn​H2n​On−k​

polysaccharides: (C6​H10​O5​)n​

What metabolic process is used to synthesize carbohydrates in nature?

photosynthesis

What functional groups are found in carbohydrates?

aldose & ketose

What is the nomenclature of sugars based on their functional groups?

trioses, tetroses, pentoses, & hexoses

What is the nomenclature of sugars based on the number of carbons they contain?

trioses- glyceraldehyde & dihydrocyacentone

tetroses- erythrose

pentoses- ribose

hexoses- glucose, galactose, mannose, & fructose

What is the ω-carbon of a fatty acid?

the terminal carbon farthest from the carboxyl group & it defines the type/classification of fatty acids

Differentiate between saturated & unsaturated fatty acids

saturated fatty acids: no double bonds, solid at room temp, high melting point, found in animals

unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, low melting point, found in vegetable oils (healthier)

Differentiate between mono- & polyunsaturated fatty acids

monounsaturated fatty acids: one double bond, found in olive oils & avocados

polyunsaturated fatty acids: two or more double bonds, found in fish & vegetable oils, include omega-3 & omega-6

Name the building block components of a triacyglycerol (triglyceride)

dietary, structure, metabolism

What is the role of cholesterol in animal membranes?

vital for maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of animal cell membranes

What are the products of cholesterol degradations?

bile acids

What is the function of bile acids?

emulsify fat in intestinal tract (fat digestion)

Name the steroid hormones produced from cholesterol

estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone

What is the function of the plasma lipoproteins?

transport lipids in the blood