Advanced Bonding Theories and Chemical Reactions

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary terms and definitions related to advanced bonding theories, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and solutions as discussed in the lecture.

Polarity

The property of a bond where electrons are shared unequally due to different electronegativities.

Dipole Moment

A measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule.

Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

A theory that states bonds form when atomic orbitals overlap.

Sigma (σ) Bonds

Bonds formed by end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals; stronger than pi bonds.

Pi (π) Bonds

Bonds formed by side-to-side overlap of atomic orbitals; generally weaker.

Hybridization

The process of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.

Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory

A theory that combines atomic orbitals to create molecular orbitals.

Bond Order

The number of bonding electrons minus the number of antibonding electrons divided by two.

Paramagnetic

A condition of a molecule that has unpaired electrons.

Diamagnetic

A condition of a molecule where all electrons are paired.

Delocalization

The spreading of electrons over several atoms in a molecule.

Stoichiometry

The quantitative relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed first in a reaction, determining the amount of product formed.

Theoretical Yield

The maximum amount of product that can be formed from given reactants.

Percent Yield

The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield expressed as a percentage.

Aqueous Solution

A solution where the solvent is water.

Electrolyte

A substance that dissociates into ions in solution and conducts electricity.

Binary Acid

An acid that consists of hydrogen and one other nonmetal element.

Oxyacid

An acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another element.

Oxidation

The process of losing electrons during a reaction.

Reduction

The process of gaining electrons during a reaction.

Titration Equivalence Point

The point in a titration where the number of moles of acid equals the number of moles of base.