BIO 1108 UCONN FINAL EXAM Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for the BIO 1108 UCONN FINAL EXAM.

Genetic Variation

Refers to differences in DNA sequences.

Recombination

Gives new combinations not present in the parent population.

Allele Frequency

Number of copies of an allele divided by the total number of alleles in a population.

Evolution

A change in the frequency of alleles or genotypes in a population over time.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model

Baseline to compare against when determining if evolutionary change is significant.

Adaptations

Enhance the fit between an organism and its environment, resulting from natural selection.

Natural Selection

The change in an allele's frequency over time based on that particular allele's impact on survival and reproduction.

Heterozygote Advantage

Case where the fitness of the heterozygote is superior to that of the homozygote.

Stabilizing Selection

Selects against both extremes.

Directional Selection

Selects against one of the two extremes.

Disruptive Selection

Selects against the mean.

Artificial Selection

Selection by a breeder rather than by competition.

Genetic Drift

A random change in allele frequency.

Founder Effect

Occurs when a group starts a new population in a new area.

Population Bottleneck

A sudden decrease in population size.

Genetic Bottleneck

A sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population.

Gene Flow

The movement of alleles among and between populations due to immigration/emigration.

Mutation

Random change in base pair.

Deleterious Alleles

Alleles that lower fitness.

Molecular Evolution

A change in DNA or amino acid sequences over time.

Speciation

The process that forms new and distinct forms of life.

Ring Species

A limitation to the Biological Species Concept (BSC).

Ecological Species Concept

Animals that have the same niche (how you live in your environment) are the same species.

Evolutionary Species Concept

Classifies species by their evolutionary ancestors.

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs when populations are reproductively isolated.

Adaptive Radiation

Speciation occurs quickly and a variety of ecologically distinct forms are generated as the organisms adapt to local conditions successfully.

Co-speciation

When organisms speciate in response to each other.

Sympatric Speciation

Usually the result of disruptive selection.

Phylogenetic Tree

A reasoned hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Monophyletic Group

Includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Polyphyletic Group

Does not include the common ancestor.

Paraphyletic Group

Includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Synapomorphy

Shared derived character.

Neoteny

Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult stage.

Culture

A potent force for change in modern humans.

Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton

Is a scaffolding of dynamic proteins.

Vesicles

Instrumental in the movement of material throughout the cell and cytoplasm.

Phagocytosis

Engulf, package, transport, and digest food particles.

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Proposes that the chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells were originally free-living bacteria.

Choanoflagellates

Are a member of the opisthokonta superkingdom.

Protists

Unicellular choanoflagellates.

Plasmodial Slime Molds (Amoebozoa)

Weird creatures that form zygotes that repeatedly go through mitosis but no cell division.

Coenocytic Cells

A single cell with many nuclei.

Archaeplastida

The super kingdom from which land plants arose.

Stramenopila

Include giant kelp, algae, and protozoans.

Alveolata Superkingdom

Dinoflagellates are a member.

Endosymbiosis

Eukaryotes acquired photosynthesis multiple times by repeated episodes.

Coenocytic Organization

Nuclei divide multiple times but do not partition into individual cells.

Diffusion

Net movement down a concentration gradient due to the random motion of individual molecules.

Bulk Flow

Movement of water and solutes together due to a pressure gradient.

Meristems

Actively growing cells at the tips of stems and roots in plants.

Gastrulation

Animal development.

Photosynthesis

A biochemical process for building carbohydrates from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide taken from the air.

Carboxylation

The addition of CO2 to the 5-carbon compound, RuBP, is catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco.

ETC

Linear flow of electrons from water to NADPH.

Antioxidants

Detoxify reactive oxygen species.

Xanthophylls

Convert excess light energy to heat, reducing the rate at which electrons enter the ETC.

Cuticle

Leaves have a waxy protective layer.

Stomata

Regulate carbon dioxide gain and water loss.

Xylem

Functions in the long distance transport of water from roots to shoots.

Phloem

Functions in the long distance transport of sugars fixed during photosynthesis, amino acids and other compounds.

Rhizosphere

The soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots.

Mychorrizae

Fungi that form mutualistic associations with plant roots.

Rhizobia

Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria that can invade the root hairs of plants in the pea family.

Heterotrophic

Acquiring nutrition by feeding on other organisms.

Glycogen

Fungi store energy in this rather than starch.

Mycelium

The entire mass of hyphae making up the body of a fungus.

Hypha

A single individual filament of fungal cells.

Fruit Flies

Much more variable than humans.

Allele Frequencies

Patterns of genetic variation can be described by this.

Mutation

Can cause genetic variation.

Somatic and Germ Line Mutations

Two types of mutations.

Deleterious, Neutral, or Advantageous

How mutations can be described.

Mushrooms or Mold

The structures we call fruiting bodies.

Glomeromycota

In this mutualism, the fungus gives the plant access to water and minerals, and the plant gives the fungus sugars.

Lichens

Mutualistic associations between an ascomycete fungus and agreenalga (or cyanobacterium).

No Differential Survival or Reproductive Success of Individuals

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

No Migration

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

No Mutation

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

Large Population Size

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

No Mate Choice

A condition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.

Produce More Offspring

Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits do this compared to individuals without those traits.

Migration

Non-adaptive mechanism of evolution.

Mutation

Non-adaptive mechanism of evolution.

Genetic Drift

Non-adaptive mechanism of evolution.

Non-random Mating

Non-adaptive mechanism of evolution.

Drift

Small populations have problems with this because random events have a disproportionately heavy impact.

Sampling Error

Genetic drift can be caused by any event or process that involves this.

Fitness

Mutation is random with respect to this.

Generation Times

Mutation can be a significant evolutionary force in bacteria and archaea, which have short ____.

Generally Adapted

Without speciation, the planet would be inhabited by a single kind of ____ organism.

Actually, Potentially, Reproductively Isolated

"Species are groups of ____ or ____ interbreeding populations that are ____ ____ from other such groups."

Indirectly

Ring species share DNA ____ through intermediate populations where interbreeding occurs.

Barriers to Reproduction

Reproductive isolation is caused by ____ ____ ____ before or after egg fertilization.

Pre-zygotic (Before Fertilization) and Post-zygotic (After Fertilization)

Two categories of reproductive isolation.

Behavioral - Physical - Temporal - Ecological

Kinds of pre-zygotic isolation.

Genetic Incompatibility Usually Leading to Failure of the Zygote to Develop - Sterile Offspring

Kinds of post-zygotic isolation.

Speciation

Underlies the diversity of life on earth.

A Change in the Physical Environment Causes Allopatry

Vicariance-derived speciation.

When The New Population is Small and Outside the Species Normal Range

Peripatric speciation occurs.