Chapter 21: Ideologies and Upheavals

Charles Fourier

________ envisaged a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self- sufficient communities called "phalanxes, "each made up of 1, 620 people.

Frances Eugène Delacroix

________ (1798- 1863), one of romanticisms greatest artists, painted dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions.

Adam Smith

________ posited the idea of free- market capitalism in 1776 in opposition to mercantilism and its attempt to regulate trade.

St Petersburg

In ________ in December 1825, a group of about three thousand army officers inspired by liberal ideals staged a protest against the new tsar, Nicholas I.

Francis Joseph

When ________ (r. 1848- 1916) was crowned emperor of Austria immediately after his eighteenth birthday in December 1848, only Hungary had yet to be brought under control.

Russias Alexander

First proposed by ________ I, the alliance worked to repress reformist and revolutionary movements and stifle desires for national independence across Europe.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

________ (1809- 1865), a self- educated printer, famously argued that "property is theft !.

Joseph M W Turner

In England the romantic painters ________ (1775- 1851) and John Constable (1776- 1837) were fascinated by nature, but their interpretations of it contrasted sharply, aptly symbolizing the tremendous emotional range of the romantic movement.

Austrian

The political ideals of conservatism, often associated with ________ foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773- 1859), dominated Great Power discussions at the Congress of Vienna.

Great Famine

The ________ shattered the pattern of Irish population growth.

Habsburgs

For a number of years, the ________ ruled Hungary as a conquered territory.

Netherlands

In the ________, Belgian Catholics revolted against the Dutch king and established the independent kingdom of Belgium.

Marx

________ was a dedicated scholar, and his work united sociology, economics, philosophy, and history in an impressive synthesis.

Ludwig van Beethoven

________ (1770- 1827) used contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions.

Saint Simon

________ also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have as its main goal improved conditions for the poor.

conservative restoration

The ________ first brought its collective power to bear on southern Europe.

Austrian Empire

The revolution in the ________ began in Hungary in March 1848, when nationalistic Hungarians demanded national autonomy, full civil liberties, and universal suffrage.

Whig Party

The ________, though led like the Tories by great aristocrats, had by tradition been more responsive to middle- class commercial and manufacturing interests.

Communist Manifesto

When Marx and Engels published The ________ on the eve of the revolutions of 1848, their opening claim that "a spectre is haunting Europe- the spectre of Communism "was highly exaggerated.

Liberal economic principles

________, the doctrine of laissez faire, called for free trade (including relaxation of import /export duties), unrestricted private enterprise, and no government interference in the economy.

Russian troops

On June 6, 1849, 130, 000 ________ poured into Hungary and subdued the country after bitter fighting.

Metternich

________ firmly believed that liberalism, as embodied in revolutionary America and France, bore the responsibility for the untold bloodshed and suffering caused by twenty- five years of war.

Frenchmen Count Henri de Saint Simon

The ________ (1760- 1825) and Charles Fourier (1772- 1837) and the British industrialist Robert Owen all founded movements intended to establish model communities that would usher in a new age of happiness and equality.

Romanticism

________ found its distinctive voice in poetry, as the Enlightenment had in prose.

Ireland

In the mid- 1800s ________ was an agricultural nation, and the great majority of the rural population (outside of the northern counties of Ulster, which were partly Presbyterian) were Irish Catholics.

Ten Hours Act

The ________ of 1847 limited the workday for women and young people in factories to ten hours.

Early socialist thinkers

________ were a diverse group with wide- ranging ideas.

Austria

After ________, Prussia was the largest and most influential kingdom in the German Confederation.

Great Famine

The ________ intensified anti- British feeling and promoted Irish nationalism, for the bitter memory of starvation, exile, and British inaction burned deeply into the popular consciousness.

Marx

After the revolutions of 1848, ________ settled in London, where he spent the rest of his life as an advocate of working- class revolution.

Metternich

________ defended his class and its rights and privileges with a clear conscience.

Romanticism

________ was a lifestyle as well as an intellectual movement.

Austria

The Great Powers- ________, Britain, Prussia, Russia, and France- used the balance of power to settle their own dangerous disputes at the Congress of Vienna.