Animal Nutrition final exam vocab part 2

Words and def

Catabolism

metabolic process by which complex structures within the animal are broken into simpler, smaller structures

Anabolism

synthesis of complex material from simple compounds

Esophageal groove

bypasses the rumen/reticulum; empties into the omasum; keeps milk out of underdeveloped rumen

Regurgitation

bring partially digested food from their stomach back to their mouth to be re-chewed.

Activation energy

Energy required by reactants to enter transition state - thus chemical bonds can be then broken

High ** - reaction very slow

Catalyst

Decreases the activation energy; speeds up reactions

Zymogen

this is an enzyme that is released in an inactive form that will become activated by a different location/Tim

CoFactors

Help catalyze reactions

two types: metal and co-enzymes

Coenzymes

removes or adds chemical fragments (H, CH3, acetyl)

inhibitors

Block substate from binding

• competitive

distorting ability to bind to substrate

• noncompetitive

Allosteric modifiers

compound alters the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme away from the active site to increase or decrease activity

carbohydrate

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; 1:2:1

includes sugars, starches, fiber

monosaccharide

Includes triose, pentose, hexose;

have one CHO molecule

disaccharide

Includes sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose

two monosaccharides

trisaccharide

three monosaccharides

raffinose

• fructose + α D-Glucose + Galactose

• sugar beets and cottonseed

oligosaccharide

two plus monosaccharides but less than 10

mannose and mannon

found in beans

immune system

polysaccharide

1000+ monosaccharides

bulks of dietary CHO

starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

Amylose

type of starch

α - D - glucose chains

α 1 - 4 links

20 to 30 percent

straight

Amylopectin

type of starch

α - D glucose chain

α 1 - 6 linkage

70 to 80 percent

branched

Glycogen

pancreatic hormone will stimulate an increase in blood glucose and Lipolysis

Starch

Energy storage; soluble in warm water

insoluble in cold water

type of polysaccharide

3 types: Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen

Cellulose

most abundant polysaccharide

plants CHO; linear

can’t be digested by a mammalian enzyme

Hemicellulose

component of the cell wall

heteroglycan

only digested by microbial enzymes polysaccharide

Lignin

polysaccharide that is not CHO

indigestible by animals and most microbial

makes plants poorly indigestible

as plants mature - lignin increases = decrease in digestibility

Amylase

Hydrolyces α 1 - 4 linkage

Amylose ——→ maltose

amylopectin

Lactase

Breaks down ____ —→ Galactose + Glucose

Sucrase

breaks down ____ —→ Glucose + fructose

Maltase

Breaks down _______ —→ Glucose + Glucose

Isomaltase

Breaks down _____ —→ Glucose + Glucose

cellulase

breaks down Cellulose into simpler sugars

inside the plant cell walls

glycogenesis

Makes new glycogen

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen

gluconeogenesis

making new sugars from a non-CHO

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose

metabolic breakdown

TCA cycle

Generate ATP, NADH, FADH, Aerobic in mitochondria

Key molecules

• pyruvate

• Acetyl-coa

• citrate

• Oxaloacetate

oxidative phosphorylation

Generate ATP from NADH and FADH2

byproduct - H2O

insulin

lots of glucose is reused

Pancreas - B Cells

Glucose absorption

decrease glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

increase in glycolysis

glucagon

pancreas - α - cells

increase blood glucose

increase glycogenolysis and gluconegenesis

decrease glycolysis

epinephrine

fight or flight hormone

medulla of adrenal gland

aids in break down of muscle glycogen

increases blood glucose

Glycosuria

condition where there is excess sugar present in the urine

Polyuria

excessive urination

polydipsea

excessive thirst

Ketosis

disease that results during the catabolism of fats when not enough oxaloacetate is available to utilize acetyl CoA produced got energy production

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Monoglyceride

glycerol molecule w one fatty acid chain

Diglyceride

glycerol molecule w two fatty acid chain

Triglyceride

glycerol molecule w three fatty acid chain

Saturated Fatty Acid

No double bonds

solid

animal lard or tallow (ruminants)

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

one or more double bond

liquid

more chemically reactive

plant and marine oils

Essenital Fatty Acid

Mammlas can’t synthesize a double bond

provided in the diet

two types:

• linoleic

• linolenic

Phospholipids

Helps with phosphor layer

Lipoproteins

Have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

carrier protein

HDL

carrying lipids

High Density Lipoprotein

LDL

empty and able to pick up lipids

Low Density Lipoprotein

Pancreatic Lipase

produced in pancreas

triglycerides —→ Monoglycerides and two fatty acids

Bile salts

produced by the liver

gall-bladder stores/secretes

Emulsifies fat

intestinal lipase

secreted from the walls of small intestines

triglycerides —→ fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and glycerols

Colipase

Synthesized in pancreas

binds and protects lipase

binds bile salt in micelles

Bile-salt stimulated lipase

zymogen is active by bile salts and is produced by mammary glands. It cleaves fatty acids from triglycerides

Emulsification

large droplets to small droplets

churning of intestine and biles

increases surface area 10,000 times

Micelle

tiny, spherical particle formed in the small intestine

primarily by bile salts that packages dietary fats (like triglycerides) and fat-soluble vitamins into a water-soluble form

Hydrophobic

water-fearing

Hydrophilic

water-loving

Glycerol backbone

gluconeogenesis

converted to pyruvate

Chylomicron

compound lipid transports triglycerides and other lipid compounds through the lymphatics to the thoracic duct of the left subclavian vein in non-ruminant

Fatty Acid Synthase

building long-chain fatty acids from simple precursors (acetyl-CoA& malonyl-CoA) when the body has excess energy from food.

Lipolysis

process where tissue lipase frees fatty acids from the lipid droplet for subsequent beta-oxidation

beta oxidation

Removal of 2 C

produces Acetyl - CoA

Happens in the mitochondria

each division is 5 ATP

Acetyl CoA

produced by the removal of 2 C

Oxaloacetate

supporting glucose regulation, and involved in building amino acids and fatty acids

Amino Acids

Building blocks or alphabet of protein

Denatured

changes to chemical, physical, or biological properties

Phosphoproteins

phosphate group covalently bonded to one of their amino acids

lipoproteins

transportation

Limiting Amino Acids

includes

lysine (#1 limiting)

Tryptophan

Methionine

Non-protein N

Source of N Only

Don’t feed non-ruminants Urea

Urea

Pepsinogen

proteolytic zymogen is secreted from the fundic region of the stomach and is activated by HCl

Pepsin

in the fundic region

breaks down protein into smaller peptides and AA

Urease

Breaks down urea into Ammonia and CO2

Acts as a buffer

Trypsinogen

Inactive form of Trypsin

produced by the pancreas and released in the small intestine

Trypsin

breaks down proteins in the small intestine by cleaving peptide bonds

essential for nutrient absorption

made by the pancreas

Chymotrypsinogen

inactive form of Chymotrypsin

pancreas makes the inactive form so it doesn’t digest the pancreas

trypsin converts chymotrypsinogen —> chymotrypsin

Chymotrypsin

made by the pancreas

break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, aiding in protein digestion.

Procarboxypeptidase

inactive form of Carboxypeptidase

activated in the small intestine

trypsin converts Procarboxypeptidase —> carboxypeptidase

Carboxypeptidase

made in the pancreas

released in the small intestine

help digest protein by cutting one amino acid at a time from the end of a protein chain