Taxonomy (Plantaae & Animalia)

All the unicellular plant-like protists discussed can be known as

algae

Multicellular algae include ____, _____, and _____

brown red and green

________ _____ ______ represent the evolutionary link between protists and plants

Multicellular Green Algae (however scientists disagree whether they are plants or protists)

Green Algae’s Phylum

Phylum Chlorophyta

4 characteristics of Green Algae (Phlyum Chlorophyta)

• Most plant-like of the algae

• Same types of chlorophyll and colour as most land plants

• Cell walls contain cellulose (like plants)

• Store food reserves in the form of starch

One of the major steps in plant evolution

The transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats 460 million years ago (key differentiating factor between algae and plants)

All species of plants are _______ ________ that obtain their food by ________

multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthesis

The 5 plant divisions and common names

Division Bryophyta (mosses)

Division Hepatophyta (liverworts)

Division Pteridophyta (ferns)

Division Coniferophyta (conifers)

Division Anthophyta (flowering plants)

Plants’ 5 Adaptations to Life on Land

1. Vascular Tissue

2. Specialized Leaves

3. Development of Roots

4. Reproductive Strategies

5. Alternation of Generations

The 2 Advantages of Vascular Tissue

1. Allows plants to grow taller due to xylem (dead at maturity) and phloem for sunlight capture

2. Allows water and nutrient transport throughout larger and taller plants

The 3 Advantages of Specialized Leaves

• Larger leaves gather more sunlight

• Cuticle allows for land colonization as it gathers more water

• Stomata allow for water preservation when closed and gas exchange when open

The Advantage of Root Development

• While rhizoids only anchor the plant..

• Roots anchor and transport dissolved minerals and water up into the plant

The 3 Advantages of Reproductive Strategies

• Land colonization can occur by not needing water to reproduce

• Seeds contain an embryo AND a food source, giving the embryo a higher chance for survival

• Seeds surrounded by a fruit mean that the fruit (& seeds) will be dispersed by animal droppings

What is Alternation of Generations (Stages of a Plant’s Life)

• The plant life cycle has 2 generations: Sporophyte (Haploid) & Gametophyte (Haploid)

• The Sporophyte plants produce haploid spores through meiosis

  • These spores grow into a plant body called the gametophyte

• The Gametophyte plants produce male and female gametes

  • These gametes fuse at fertilization and develop into another Sporophyte

Advantages of Alternation of Generations

Unknown

• It’s speculated that the dominant diploid forms (sporophytes) evolved as plants colonized land.

Since land organisms are exposed to much more UV radiation, which causes mutations.

• (Being diploid helps mitigate the effects of bad mutations)

The 3 Groups of Plant Divisions

Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes)

Seedless Vascular Plants (Pteridophyta - ferns)

Seed Producing Vascular Plants (Coniferophyta and Anthophyta)

Non-Vascular Plants (Bryophytes)

Divisions: Bryophyta (mosses) and Hepatophyta (liverworts).

• Reproduction: They reproduce using spores. Fertilization requires water because sperm must swim through a film of moisture to reach the egg.

• Dominant Generation: Gametophyte (the green, "fuzzy" part of the plant is haploid). The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nourishment.

Seedless Vascular Plants

Division: Pteridophyta (ferns).

• Reproduction: They reproduce using spores produced in structures called sori on the underside of leaves. Like bryophytes, they require water for fertilization so sperm can swim to the egg.

• Dominant Generation: Sporophyte (the familiar leafy fern is the diploid stage).

Seed-Producing Vascular Plants

Divisions: Coniferophyta (gymnosperms/conifers) and Anthophyta (angiosperms/flowering plants).

• Reproduction: They reproduce using seeds. Fertilization does not require water; male gametes (pollen) are carried by wind, insects, or other animals.

• Dominant Generation: Sporophyte. In these plants, the gametophyte is never a free-living plant and is highly reduced (e.g., a pollen grain)

Differences Between Spores and Seeds

• Spores: These are single-celled haploid structures produced through meiosis. They are typically released in huge numbers and rely on chance to land in a suitable environment to develop into a gametophyte.

• Seeds: These are multicellular structures that contain a multicellular embryo and a food source (endosperm). They are protected by a tough, waterproof coating that prevents them from drying out (desiccation), giving the embryo a much higher chance of survival than a spore.

How many Phyla make up the animal kingdom?

35

4 Animal Characteristics

1. Eukaryotic multicellular organisms without cell walls

2. Heterotrophs

3. Usually mobile in at least one stage in their lives

4. Reproduce sexually and produce an embryo that undergoes developmental stages

The ancestor’s of today’s animals (700 million years ago) were:

similar to today’s sponges, hellyfish and worms & living in warm, shallow seas

One one of the main characteristics used to classify animals

whether the organism has a backbone

• Invertebrates (no backbone)

• Vertebrates (internal skeleton and backbone)

The other 7 characteristics for classification

1. Level of Organization

2. Symmetry and Body Plan

3. Number of Body Layers

4. Body Cavities

5. Segmentation

6. Movement

7. Reproduction

Level of Organization means that

• All animals have cells that are organized into tissues (except in sponges)

• Animals have varying levels of structure and complexity in organ systems

The 3 types of Animal Body Plans

Asymmetrical - Irregular shape (ex. Porifera)

Radial - Can be divided along any plane parallel with the body axis (ex. Cnidaria)

Bilateral - Can be divided into two mirror halves along one plane through the central axis (ex. Anthropoda)

The 3 body layers

The Ectoderm (Outermost layer)

The Mesoderm (Middle layer)

The Endoderm (Inner Layer)

What’s a Coelom

A fluid-filled body cavity made of mesoderm cells that some animals’ digestive tract and other organs are suspended in

Animals with coeloms are called _____ and animals without one are called _______

Coelomates and Acoelomates

What’s a Pseudocoelom

A “false” body fluid cavity that is a fluid-filled space between the gut (endoderm) and the outer body wall (ectoderm), but is only partially lined by mesoderm

Benefits of a Coelom

• Gives muscles a structure to brace against, allowing them to move and respond quicker

• Allows for more complex organ systems

• The digestive tract can grow longer than the body because it can bend and fold back on itself within the coelom

Segmentation refers to

The portioning of the body into parts

Segments in an animal are of two categories

Can resemble each other (ex. earthworms)

Can be different (ex. an ant)

Segmentation allows for

repeats of organs in case some are damaged

Modified Segmentation means..

Some specialization can occur

Our chest cavity is the result of ______ _______ ( as is revealed when we look at the _______ _______ - segmentation) where some segments have ____ , creating a larger chest area.

modified segmentation, vertebral column, fused

The evolution of nerve and muscle tissue in animals allowed the developmnt of both ______ and _______ movement.

Sessile meaning and examples

Stationary as adults (ex. sponges and sea anemones)

• Sessile animals have a body form that can move during juvenile stages of development

Reproduction Tree

Types of Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual

Types of Fertilization: Internal Fertilization & External Fertilization

Internal Fertilization

Ex. rhinos must fertilize an egg by releasing sperm into the female rhino

• Focuses on quality over quantity due to protection

External Fertilization

Ex. a male fish spreads sperm over eggs laid by females

• Prioritized quantity over quality due to lack of protection