Anatomy 337 Unit 4 Exam UW Madison

articular surface

where two bone surfaces come together, forming a joint, they conform to eachother (ex: one rounded and the other one cupped)

Condyle

Large rounded articular surface

facet

flat articular surface

head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

neck

Narrowed region next to the head

trochlea

smooth spool-shaped surface

crest

Narrow prominent ridge of bone

epicondyle

A raised area on or above a condyle

line

Narrow ridge of bone

process

bony prominence

spine

Sharp, slender projection

trochanter

Very large, irregularly shaped process

tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

tuberosity

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

Opening and depressions

for passage of blood vessels and nerves

tendon/ligament attatchments

typically project at least a small amount above the surface of bone; larger the attachment site, the greater the force transmitted through the attatchment

fossa

Shallow basin-like depression

sulcus

a larger groove

notch

Indentation at the edge of a bone

foramen

Round or oval hole through a bone

canal

elongated passage in bone

fissure

slit through bone

fovea

small pit

origin

proximal attachment of a muscle; stays stable

insertion

distal attachment of a muscle; moves while muscle contracts

agonist

the muscle that is acting to complete a particular movement.

primer mover

the agonist muscle that is most responsible for completing that specific movement (psoas major)

antagonist

a muscle with an action that opposes the action of the agonist (ex: the triceps brachii is the antagonist to the muscles that flex the elbow because the triceps brachii acts to extend the elbow)

-muscles in opposing compartments

synergist

a muscle that assists with a particular movement

-two agonists can be this together

-can stabilize a joint

-contributor, stabilizer, fixator, neutralizer

-muscles in same compartment

if the muscle fibers are longer...

then the greater range of motion for the muscle

if the muscles have a larger cross-sectional area...

then they can produce more force

muscles with opposite actions....

lie on opposite sides of a joint

fascicle arrangement (provides info about muscle action)

4 of them: circular, parallel, convergent, pennate (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate)

what does a muscle can only pull mean?

-when muscles contract, it get shorter so pulls on bone

-when relaxes goes back to normal size

-muscles work in pairs to move a joint

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces

flexion

a muscle that crosses on the posterior side produces

extension

a muscle that crosses on the lateral side produces

abduction

a muscle that crosses on the medial side produces

adduction

rectus

straight

subclavian artery (UE)

-major branch is the thyrocervical trunk, supplying the neck, shoulders, and upper back

thyrocervical trunk

has two major branches, the suprascapular artery supplying the supraspinatus and infraspinatus, and the dorsal scapular artery supplying the levator scapulae, rhomboids, and trapezius muscles

--supplies the neck, shoulders and upper back

suprascapular artery

supplying the supraspinatus and infraspinatus

dorsal scapular artery

supplying the levator scapulae, rhomboids, and trapezius muscles

subclavian artery becomes....

axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib

axillary artery becomes...

brachial artery at inferior border of teres major

brachial artery divides into...

radial artery and ulnar artery in the cubital fossa

brachial artery

Continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium

-supplies anterior arm

-deep brachial artery: supplies posterior arm (traceps brachii)

-in the cubital fossa, divides into the radial, ulnar, and palmar arches arteries

radial artery

Formed at the brachial artery's bifurcation; parallels the radius; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the ulnar artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to lateral forearm and hand

ulnar artery

Formed at the brachial artery's bifurcation; parallels the ulna; gives off smaller branches until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the radial artery to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; supplies blood to medial forearm and hand

Palmar arches (superficial and deep)

Formed from anastomosis of the radial and ulnar arteries; supply blood to the hand and digital arteries

digital arteries

formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches; supply blood to the digits

axillary artery

-subclavian becomes axillary at the first rib

-supplies pectoral and axillary muscles

-divided into 3 parts

--1st part: lateral border of the first rib to the medial border of the pectoralis minor

--2nd part: deep to pectoralis minor

--3rd part: lateral to pectoralis minor to the inferior border of teres major

subclavian artery

-major artery running under the clavicle

-

ulnar and radial veins

deep veins of forearm; drain the hand and deep forearm; both come from palmar venous arches

cephalic vein

anterolateral forearm and arm, drains the superficial lateral forearm and arm into the axillary vein

basilic vein

medial forearm and arm

drains superficial medial forearm and arm into the axillary vein

median cubital vein

communication between basilic and cephalic veins in the cubital fossa

-frequent site where we can draw blood

brachial vein

-deep vein in the arm

-drains into the axillary vein

-forms from radial/ulnar veins

axillary vein

-joining of the basilic and brachial veins

-drains into the subclavian vein

palmar venous arches (superficial and deep)

drain the hand and digits, and feed into the radial and ulnar veins

cubital fossa

Contains the:

- Biceps tendon

- Bicipital aponeurosis

- Median nerves and branches of radial nerve

- Brachial Artery

- Veins -> Median cubital vein

thoracic outlet syndrome (venous)

-subclavian vein is compressed, usually betwen 1st rib and clavicle causing a blood clot

-swollen or discolored arm

-require catheter-directed thrombolysism, anticoagulation, and then surgery to decompress thoracic outlet

thoracic outlet syndrome (Arterial)

-subclavian artery compressed near cervical rib or anomalous first rib

-may lead to aneurysm (widening) of the artery and formation of blood clots that can prevent blood flow to the arm and hand

-may have sudden pain, weakness, numbness, and or tingling in their hands, almost always requires surgery

brachial plexus

network of nerves that supply the upper limbs

formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

travels within the axilla

how is the brachial plexus roots formed?

anterior (ventral)rami of C5-T1

the roots of the brachial plexus unit to form...

trunks:

superior trunk (C5-C6)

middle trunk (C7)

inferior trunk (C8 and T1)

portions of each trunk of the brachial plexus divide into...

anterior and posterior divisions

the anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus unite to form...

3 cords:

posterior, medial, and lateral cord

-the cords are named in their relation to the axillary artery (ex: posterior cord is posterior to axillary artery)

anterior divisions of brachial plexus

supply the anterior arm, forearm, and hand

posterior division of brachial plexus

innervate the posterior arm, forearm, and hand

the 5 major terminal branches emerge from cords:

1) axillary nerve

2) median nerve

3) musculocutaneous nerve

4) radial nerve

5) ulnar nerve

axillary nerve

muscles innervated: deltoid and teres minor

nerve root: C5-C6

sensory distribution: anterolateral to posterolateral shoulder

-runs with posterior circumflex humeral artery around the surgical neck of the humerus

radial nerve

nerve roots: C5-T1

regions innervated: posterior arm, and forearm

-posterior arm, forearm and posterior lateral hand

muscles innervated: Triceps Brachii, Brachioradialis, Supinator, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Digiti Minimi, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, Abductor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Extensor Indicis

Musculocutaneous Nerve

nerve root: C5-C7

muscles innervated: Coracobrachialis, Biceps Brachii, Brachialis

sensory distribution: lateral forearm

median nerve

nerve root: C6-T1

muscles innervated by the forearm: Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis,

Palmaris Longus, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Digitorum Profundus (lateral half), Flexor Pollicis Longus, Pronator Quadratus; by the hand: Lumbricals (lateral two), Opponens Pollicis, Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Flexor Pollicis Brevis

sensory distribution: anterolateral hand, thumb, distal posterior digits 1-3

ulnar nerve

nerve root: C8-T1

muscles innervated hand: lumbricals (medial 2), opponens digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, dorsal interossei, palmar interossei, adductor pollicis; forearm: flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (medial half)

(all hand muscles except those innervated by the median nerve)

sensory distribution: anterior and posterior medial hand, medial side digit 4, digit 5

dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

muscles innervated:

-levator scapulae

-rhomboid major

-rhomboid minor

long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)

muscle innervated: serratus anterior

Nerve to subclavius (C5-C6)

muscle innervated: subclavius

suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)

muscles innervated: supraspinatus and infraspinatus

lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7)

muscles innervated: pectoralis major

upper subscapular nerve (C5-C6)

muscles innervated: subscapularis

lower subscapular nerve (C5-C5)

muscles innervated: subscapularis and teres major

thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

muscles innervated: latissimus dorsi

medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)

muscles innervated: pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

medial brachial cutaneous nerve (C8-T1)

sensory distribution: medial arm of skin

medial antebrachial nerve (C8-T1)

sensory distribution: medial skin of the forearm

nerves supplied by the anterior rami C5-C6 will innervate...

the most proximal muscles

Nerves with intermediate rami fibers (C6-C8) will innervate....

the muscles acting on the elbow and wrist

nerves with the most inferior rami (C8-T1) will innervate...

the most distal (hand) muscles.

dermatome

sensory distribution of a nerve root (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

Myotome

motor component of nerve root

-C5: shoulder abduction

-C6: elbow flexion

-C7: elbow extension

-C8: finger motions (pinching and grasping)

-T1: adduction and abduction

pectoral girdle

articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limps

-sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus

shoulder joint

first segment of the upper limb

clavicle

articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum (sternal end) , laterally with the acromion of the scapula (acromial end)

-has acromial and sternal end

sternoclavicular joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum

-is a saddle joint for protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, and posterior rotation

-fibrocartilage (articular) disc

-(where arm connects to the body)

scapula

-overlies ribs 2-7 dorsally

-on posterior side of shoulder

-broad flat triangle

-bony landmarks sites for: muscle/tendon attachment, articulations, passage of neurovascular structures

(know what all the things are on this-very impotant)

acromioclavicular joint

the joint formed by the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle

-plane synovial joint

-ligaments: acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, coracoacromial

scapulothoracic joint

-Between the ventral surface of the scapula and the posterior thoracic wall

- Functional Joint: No capsule or bony union, elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, upward/downward rotation

- Scapulothoracic movement ALWAYS results in movement at the AC and SC joints

Humerus (Arm/Brachium)

articulations: head, capitulum, trochlea

(articulates with scapula and radius/ulna)

passageways: surgical neck, intertubercular groove, radial groove

muscle-tendon attachment sites: greater tubercle, intertubercular groove, lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity, lateral epicondyle, and medial epicondyle