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Frederick Griffith 1928
Virulent strain, when heat-killed and mixed with smooth strain, gave mice pneumonia
Oswald Avery 1944
discovered the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information rom one generation of bacteria to the next
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase 1952
studied viruses: tiny, non-living particles that can infect living cells
bacteriophage
a virus that infects bacteria
role of DNA
storing, copying, and transmitting
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
polymer made of monomers, nucleotides, joined into long strands held together by covalent bonds
nucleotide
phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous base
4 nitrogenous bases
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
Chargaff’s Rule 1949
Adenine bases equal Thymine bases and Guanine bases equal Cytosine bases
Franklin’s X-Rays 1950
x-rays of DNA showed an x pattern. DNA twists around itself like a helix
Watson and Crick 1953
Used Franklin’s work to construct a cardboard and wire model of DNA’s Double Helix, winning a Nobel Prize
antiparallel
DNA strands run in opposite directions
hydrogen bonds
Hold nitrogenous bases together
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine: shorter, single-ringed nitrogenous bases
Purines
Adenine and Guanine: longer, double-ringed nitrogenous bases
replication
when DNA copies itself
Helicase
breaks open the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
What is the result of replication
2 DNA strands identical to the parent
polymerase
joins free nucleotides to the separated original strands of DNA
Where is telomerase found?
at the tips of a DNA strand
telomerase
enzyme that adds short repeating parts of DNA to the ends, protecting the DNA strand from damage
Replication in prokaryotes
starts at a single point and continues in 2 directions
replication in eukaryotes
can only occur from 3’ to 5’, so starts in multiple points in one direction
Complementary strand
matching strand of DNA
central dogma of Biology
DNA is transcribed to RNA is translated to proteins
How many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine
2
How many hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine
3
