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Most common cartilage supporting connective tissue:
hyaline cartilage
Where can you find Hyaline cartilage:
articulating cartilage (cushion)
Fun facts about hyaline cartilage:
fetal skeleton, most common, most amount of collagen fibers
Hyaline cartilage has to do with:
endochrondrial ossification and intramembranous ossification
What is endochrondrial ossification:
the process by which cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
What is intramembranous ossification:
the process of bone formation that directly converts tissue into bone.
Where can you find fibrocartilage:
In the intervertebral disk
Where can you find elastic cartilage:
The ear
Spongy Bone:
Lacks osteons, has lacunae, osteocytes, lamellae, but no central canal.
What is in the central canal:
Blood vessels
What is in the matrix organized into lamellae:
Ca2+
What is the pit in compact bone:
lacuna
Compact Bone:
Structured around osteons with a central canal containing blood vessels.
Osteon Structure:
Central canal, lacunae (housing osteocytes), and lamellae (calcium deposits).
Three Cartilage Forms:
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage:
Most common, forms fetal skeleton; contributes to articular cartilage in joints.
Fibrocartilage:
Found in intervertebral discs; strong and durable.
Elastic Cartilage:
Contains elastic fibers; found in the ear.
Blood Cells Three main types:
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets).
Erythrocytes:
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Leukocytes:
Fight infections; part of the immune system.
Thrombocytes:
Important for blood clotting.
Muscle Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal Muscle:
Voluntary and involuntary control; attached to skeleton.
Cardiac Muscle:
Involuntary; found in the heart.
Smooth Muscle:
Involuntary; found in hollow organs (e.g., digestive tract).
Neuron Types:
unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons.
Unipolar Neuron:
One projection directly from the cell body.
Bipolar Neuron:
Two projections directly from the cell body.
Multipolar Neuron:
Multiple projections.
what are the structures of the integumentary system:
Skin, nails, glands, an smooth muscle (arrector pili)
What are the functions of the integumentary system:
Sensation, temp regulation, vitamin d production, excretion, protection
What helps produce vitamin d in the integumentary system:
Liver and kidney
What organ activates vitamin d:
Kidney
Skin Structure:
composed of epidermis (top layer) and dermis (bottom layer).
What layer is the top:
Epidermis
What layer is the bottom:
Dermis
Epidermis Layers:
Five layers - stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.
What are the epidermis layers from bottom to top:
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
What is basale:
deepest layer
What is spinosum:
contains cells with spiny projections
What is granulosum:
contains cells with cytoplasmic granules
What is lucidum:
clear layer only found in thick skin
What is corneum:
outermost layer
Dermis Layers:
Papillary and reticular layers.
What layer is on top and bottom for dermis layer:
papillary is on top and reticular is on bottom
What percent of layers in dermis:
papillary upper 20% and reticular lower 80%
What is in the papillary layer:
Meissner corpuscle
What is the reticular layer made up of:
Dense irregular connective tissue
What does the dermis contain:
Superficial and deep blood vessels, hair follicle, arrector pili causes goosebumps, and glands
What are the types of glands:
Sebaceous which produces sebum, sweat that produces sweat, ceruminous that produces earwax, mammary which produces milk
What are the sensory organs:
Meissner corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle, free nerve ending
What does meissner corpuscle do:
Detects two point discrimination touch
What does pacinian corpuscle do:
Detects deep pressure touch
What does free nerve ending do:
Detects pain
What is subcutaneous tissue:
Hypodermis And not part of the skin. Contains adipose tissues. Hypodermic needle
What are the cells of the epidermis:
Keratinocyte, melanocyte, langerhans, merkel cells
What does keratinocyte do:
Produce keratin, protein that provides strength to the skin
What does melanocyte do:
Produce melanin which protects from damaging UV
What does langerhans cell do:
Immune cells of the skin
What does merkel cells do:
Used to detect light touch
War contributes to skin color:
Pigment, blood, thickness of stratum corneum, albinism
What can pigment be:
Melanin and carotene
What does carotene do:
Turns the skin orange
What does blood circulation do to the skin:
Turns the skin red
What is albinism:
Deficiency of melanin
Hot:
sweat, vasodilation of superficial blood vessels to allow heat loss
Cold:
goosebumps, hair standing on ends, vasoconstriction of blood vessel of the skin to keep in heat
Types of skin cancer:
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
most common cancer that’s associated with stratum basale:
basal carcinoma
Associated with stratum spinosum:
squamous cell carcinoma
Most deadly and associated with melanocyte:
malignant melanoma
What are the ABC’s of skin cancer:
A for asymmetry, B for border irregularity, C for color not uniform, D for diagram greater than 6mm, E for evolving or changing.
Burns:
Classified as first, second, and third degree
What is burned in first degree:
Involves entire layer of epidermis only
What is burned in second degree:
Involves entire layers of epidermis and upper dermis
What is burned in third degree:
Involves entire layers of epidermis and dermis
What are the percents of the body burn areas:
9%, 4.5 percent, an 1%
Accessory organs of the skin, such as hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands are found Where?
Reticular layer
The hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) is mainly composed of
Adipose tissue
The Dermis of the skin is mainly made up of
Dense irregular connective tissue
A callus is formed due to the thickening of the
Stratum corneum
There is/are _____ layer(s) to the epidermis
5
The cuticle of a nail is also called
Eponychium
This structure produce earwax
This structure produce earwax
