AFTER FOUR FING YEARS IDS FOR APSUH TEST 13

Brain Trust

A: The set of young college graduates who proposed ideas such as Keynesian economics to FDR during his presidency.
B: These people helped shape FDR’s New Deal policy to be as radical as it is.

Hundred Days

A: The Congress that formed right after FDR took office in March and lasted for 100 days, they gave extreme amounts of legislative power to FDR.
B: The Hundred Days Congress allowed FDR to pass New Deal legislation much faster than going the normal route of House and Senate agreement.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A: A First New Deal Agency that was meant to employ unemployed young men to support conservation efforts.
B:Many of the projects undertaken by the CCC were essential to conservation and led to the development of national parks, reforestation, and soil and cultural conservation.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A: A Second New Deal Agency that employed many Americans to contribute to public works and cultural projects.
B: This organization helped keep creatives like artists, actors, and musicians afloat even during the Great Depression.

Blue Eagle

A: The mascot of the National Recovery Administration which was a First New Deal policy meant to promote industry-wide codes of fair competition, setting minimum wages and maximum hours, and encouraging collective bargaining between workers and companies.
B: The NRA laid the precedent for the Wagner Act by allowing labor unions to bargain collectively rather than use a set representative.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

A: A First New Deal policy that paid farmers to destroy some of their crops in exchange for a subsidy.
B: This organization kept farm prices from falling too low from overproduction and contributed to keeping farmers from suffering extremely during the Great Depression.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A: A First New Deal policy that led to the creation of a massive government owned hydroelectric power generation plant in the Tennessee River Valley.
B: This project allowed the government to know the accurate pricing to run a power plant and this allowed them to set a price ceiling for power companies.

Social Security Act

A: A Second New Deal policy that was meant to provide welfare to retired workers and encourage spending by the elderly.
B: Contributed to the Roosevelt Depression as people were overwhelmed by a new tax.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A: A 1930s labor union that split off from the AFL that was meant for industrial laborers who worked in mass production factories.
B: Its merger with the AFL led to the creation of a massive labor union that advocates for the rights of skilled and unskilled labor.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

A: A First New Deal policy that was meant to regulate malpractice in the stock market in order to prevent another 1929.
B: Led to more transparent business practices as the SEC mandated that businesses provide accurate figures for their publicly available reports.

Liberty League

A: A group of rich Republicans and conservative Democrats led by Al Smith who disliked FDR and his New Deal due to its supposedly socialist base.
B: Demonstrated a political counterweight to the interests of the working people.

Court-packing plan

A: FDR’s 2nd term plan to add 6 more justices to the Supreme Court in order to nullify the conservative rulings of the more conservative older judges.
B: Though this plan failed, it intimidated the Supreme Court into agreeing with FDR’s New Deal policies rather than opposing them.

John Maynard Kaynes

A: A British economist during the first half of the 20th century who favored ideas of government spending to resuscitate economies during recessions.
B: His ideas of increased government spending during Recessions helped shape FDR’s New Deal policy.

Eleanor Roosevelt

A: FDR’s wife and First Lady from the years 1932-1945 who took an active role in reform movements and legislation during her tenure.
B: She changed the role of the First Lady in the White House due to her active role in reforming and policy making.

Francis E. Townsend

A: A retired California doctor who promised to pay every person over 60, $200 a month.
B: His plan influenced the creation of Social Security in the 2nd New Deal.

Harry Hopkins

A: The head of the Works Progress Administration established in 1935 that was meant to provide jobs to the unemployed through government public works projects.
B: During his administration in the WPA, $11 billion was spent on public works projects.

Father Coughlin

A: A Catholic Priest in Michigan who held a radio show that rallied against New Deal policies and who was later silenced for his extreme anti-semitism and fascism.
B: His opposition to the New Deal caused FDR to have to explain to the people what his legislation was supposed to do in order to gain enough support to pass it.

Huey “Kingfish” Long

A: A Senator from Louisiana who promised every family $5000 at the expense of the prosperous.
B: His demagogic enthusiasm and past as a de facto dictator of Louisiana caused many Americans to fear the rise of fascism in America and even led FDR to label him as the 2nd most dangerous man in the US.

George W. Norris

A: A Senator from Nebraska who heavily advocated for the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority during the 100 days Congress.
B: The TVA that he contributed to led to the development of the Tennessee River Valley as it grew rich from the public works project and the newly available electricity made the extraction of uranium possible in the region.

Harold Ickes

A: The Head of the Public Works Administration and Secretary of the Interior under President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1946.
B: His significance lies in his leadership of the Public Works Administration (PWA) and his advocacy for environmental conservation and civil rights during the New Deal era.

John Steinbeck

A: A novelist and social critic best known for his works published in the 1930s such as The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men.
B: His significance lies in his portrayal of the struggles of working-class Americans during the Great Depression, influencing social consciousness and inspiring reform movements with his powerful depictions of poverty and injustice.

John L. Lewis

A: The crusty ahh leader of the United Mine Workers during the first half of the 20th century.
B: Lewis helped establish the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Frances Perkins

A: The first woman to serve as a U.S. cabinet member, appointed as the Secretary of Labor by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933.
B: Her significance lies in her pivotal role in shaping New Deal labor policies, including the establishment of Social Security, minimum wage laws, and labor protections, greatly influencing American labor rights.

Alfred M. Landon

A: A Republican politician who served as the Governor of Kansas and was the 1936 presidential candidate for the Republican Party, running against Franklin D. Roosevelt
B: His significance lies in his failed challenge to Roosevelt’s New Deal policies, which led to Roosevelt’s landslide victory, illustrating the deep support for New Deal reforms during the Great Depression.

Ruth Benedict

A: An American anthropologist who was influential in the development of modern anthropology and cultural studies, particularly with her works on cultural relativism and her 1946 book The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.
B: Her significance lies in her contribution to the understanding of how cultures differ and the idea that no culture is inherently superior to another, helping shape anthropological thought on cultural diversity.

Mary McLeod Bethune

A: A prominent African American educator and civil rights leader who founded the National Council of Negro Women in 1935 and served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt
B: Her significance lies in her advocacy for educational opportunities for African Americans and her role in influencing Roosevelt's policies, particularly in regard to racial equality.

Glass-Steagall

A: A banking reform law passed in 1933 that separated commercial banking from investment banking to reduce risks in the financial sector.
B: Its significance was in stabilizing the banking system during the Great Depression and preventing conflicts of interest; it remained in place until its partial repeal in 1999.

Omaha Platform (Populists)

A: A political document adopted in 1892 by the Populist Party, outlining their goals, which included the free coinage of silver, a progressive income tax, government ownership of railroads, and direct election of senators.
B: Its significance lies in its influence on future political reforms, as many of its proposals were later incorporated into U.S. law, including the direct election of senators and the establishment of the Federal Income Tax.

Federal Reserve Act

A: A law passed in 1913 that established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, to regulate the money supply and provide stability to the financial system.
B: Its significance is seen in its role in managing inflation, controlling interest rates, and helping prevent financial panics, making it a key element in shaping modern U.S. monetary policy.

Jane Addams

A: A social reformer and founder of Hull House in Chicago in 1889, dedicated to improving social conditions for immigrants and the urban poor through educational programs and social services.
B: Her significance lies in her pioneering efforts in social work, advocating for women's suffrage, and her role in the development of the settlement house movement in the U.S.

The Grapes of Wrath

A: A 1939 novel by author John Steinbeck that documented the hard lives of farmers who were affected by the Great Depression and Dust Bowl.
B: Its significance lies in its portrayal of the struggles of migrant workers, influencing public opinion about economic inequality and the need for labor rights reforms.

A Century of Dishonor

A: A book written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 that details the mistreatment and broken promises made to Native American tribes by the U.S. government.
B: Its significance is that it raised awareness of the injustices faced by Native Americans and contributed to the growing movement for Native American rights in the late 19th century.

Indian Reorganization Act

A: A 1934 law that was meant to reverse the damage of the Dawes Severalty Act by encouraging tribal self governance.
B: This act helped revive Native Americans’ cultural identity as they were able to keep their lands and preserve their traditions now.

Hatch Act

A: A 1939 law that prevented bureaucrats and unelected civil servants from aiding politicians in campaigns.
B: This act addressed criticism against the New Deal by preventing practices like mailing out relief checks right before ballot time.

Schechter v. US

A: A 1935 Supreme Court Case involving the Schechter Poultry Company and the US government that led to the ruling that the executive could not hold legislative duties.
B: Led to the NRA being repealed as the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional.

Civil Works Administration

A: A short-term employment program during FDR’s New Deal in 1933 that created new jobs for the unemployed, mainly in the public works sector.
B: The CWA’s focus on relief for unemployment was significant as it provided jobs for millions of Americans and lessened the burden of the Depression on these people.

Drought Relief Service

Emergency Banking Act

A: A law passed in 1933 during the Great Depression that aimed to stabilize the U.S. banking system by closing insolvent banks and reopening financially stable ones.
B: Its significance is that it restored public confidence in the banking system, allowing for the re-establishment of trust and the flow of deposits into banks.

Federal Aviation Administration

A: A government agency established in 1958 to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the United States, including air traffic control and aircraft safety.
B: Its significance lies in ensuring the safety and efficiency of the national airspace system, promoting aviation innovation, and setting standards for air travel.

Farm Credit Administration

A: A government agency established in 1933 to regulate and oversee the Farm Credit System, which provides financial services to farmers, ranchers, and rural communities.
B: Its significance lies in supporting agricultural lending, stabilizing rural economies, and ensuring that farmers have access to affordable credit.

Federal Communications Commission

A: A government agency created in 1934 to regulate interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable.
B: Its significance is in overseeing communication industries, ensuring fair competition, protecting consumers, and promoting innovation and access to information.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A: A government agency established in 1933 to provide insurance for bank deposits and restore public confidence in the banking system after the Great Depression.
B: Its significance lies in its ability to protect individual depositors' savings, ensuring stability in the financial system and preventing future bank runs.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

A: A government agency created in 1933 during the Great Depression to provide direct relief for the unemployed and homeless through grants and work relief programs.
B: The significance of FERA was its role in offering immediate assistance to millions of Americans suffering from economic hardship and laying the foundation for future New Deal relief programs.

Federal Housing Administration

A: A federal agency established in 1934 as part of the New Deal to improve housing standards and conditions by insuring home loans, thus encouraging lenders to offer mortgages to a wider range of potential homeowners.
B: The significance of the FHA lies in its role in making homeownership more accessible for the middle and working classes, helping to stimulate the housing market and contributing to the post-Great Depression economic recovery.

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

A: A federal agency created in 1933 as part of the New Deal to assist homeowners struggling with mortgage payments during the Great Depression by refinancing their loans at more affordable rates.
B: The significance of the HOLC is that it helped prevent widespread foreclosures and provided financial relief to millions of American homeowners, laying the groundwork for future federal housing programs.

National Industrial Recovery Act

A: A 1933 law passed as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal to promote economic recovery during the Great Depression by regulating industry, reducing competition, and providing work relief.
B: The significance of the NIRA is that it represented one of the first major federal efforts to regulate business practices and labor conditions, although it was declared unconstitutional in 1935, influencing later New Deal legislation that helped stabilize the economy.

National Recovery Administration

A: A U.S. government agency created in 1933 as part of the New Deal, aiming to stimulate industrial recovery, reduce unemployment, and improve labor conditions by establishing fair practices and codes of competition.
B: The significance of the NRA lies in its efforts to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression, although it was declared unconstitutional in 1935, it laid the groundwork for future labor reforms and federal intervention in business practices.

National Labor Relations Act

A: A U.S. federal law, also known as the Wagner Act, passed in 1935 that protects the rights of employees and employers, encouraging collective bargaining and addressing unfair labor practices.
B: The significance of the NLRA lies in its establishment of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and its role in ensuring workers' rights to organize and join unions without retaliation.

Securities and Exchange Commission

A: A government agency established in 1934 in the United States to regulate and oversee the securities industry, ensuring fair and transparent markets.
B: The significance of the SEC lies in its role in protecting investors, maintaining orderly markets, and preventing fraud in the stock and bond markets.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A: A law passed in 1938 in the United States that established regulations for minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor.
B: The significance of FLSA lies in its role in protecting workers' rights, improving working conditions, and setting labor standards that are still in place today.

Farm Security Administration

A: A New Deal program established in 1937 in the United States to combat rural poverty by providing loans, resettlement assistance, and agricultural education to struggling farmers.
B: The FSA was significant because it helped improve the living conditions of tenant farmers and migrant workers, while also producing influential documentary photography that exposed rural hardships.

Federal Works Agency

A: A government agency created in 1939 in the United States to oversee and coordinate federal public construction projects, including roads, bridges, and government buildings, as part of the New Deal.
B: The agency was significant because it provided jobs, improved national infrastructure, and contributed to economic recovery during the Great Depression.

National Labor Relations Board/The Wagner Act

A: The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was created by the Wagner Act of 1935 in the United States to protect workers' rights, oversee labor disputes, and enforce collective bargaining.
B: The NLRB was significant because it strengthened labor unions, reduced employer retaliation, and laid the foundation for modern labor rights in the U.S.

National Youth Administration

A: A New Deal agency established in 1935 in the United States to provide education, job training, and employment opportunities for young Americans during the Great Depression.
B: The NYA was significant because it helped millions of young people stay in school, gain work experience, and avoid poverty, shaping future federal youth employment programs.

Public Works Administration

A: A New Deal agency created in 1933 in the United States to fund large-scale public infrastructure projects, such as bridges, dams, and schools, in order to stimulate economic recovery during the Great Depression.
B: The PWA was significant because it provided jobs, modernized infrastructure, and laid the foundation for future federal investment in public works.

Resettlement Administration

A: A New Deal agency established in 1935 in the United States to relocate struggling rural families to planned communities and implement soil conservation projects.
B: The RA was significant because it aimed to combat rural poverty and land misuse, though it faced opposition and was later absorbed into the Farm Security Administration (FSA) in 1937.

Federal Art Project

A: A program under the Works Progress Administration in the United States, aimed at employing artists, funding public murals, and promoting art education during the Great Depression.
B: The FAP was significant because it supported thousands of artists, helped shape American visual culture, and left a lasting legacy through public artworks that still exist today.

Federal Music Project

A: A program under the Works Progress Administration (WPA) during the Great Depression, which was during the 30s, in the United States, created to employ musicians, fund music education, and promote public performances.
B: The FMP was significant because it preserved and expanded American musical culture, provided jobs for struggling musicians, and made music accessible to the public during economic hardship.

(First and Second) Agricultural Adjustment Act (Administration)

1933 reduced agric. production by paying subsidies to not plant and to kill off excess livestock to reduce surplus

Civilian Conservation Corps

1933 provide unskilled jobs regarding the conservation and development of natural resources

Civil Works Administration

1933 rapid job creation program that involved infrastructure construction, (improving and constructing buildings and bridges)

Drought Relief Service

1935 coordinate relief activities in response to the Dust Bowl

Emergency Banking Act

1933 stabilized the banking system by closing banks until deemed financially stable - prevented bank withdraws → collapse

Federal Aviation Administration

1933 regulate and oversee all aspects of American civilian aviation

Farm Credit Administration

1933 regulates and examines the banks, associations, and related bodies of the Farm Credit System

Federal Communications Commission

1934regulate interstate communications by radio, tv, wire, satellite, and cable in all US states and possessions

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

1933 provides deposit insurance guaranteeing the safety of a depositor's accounts in member banks up to $5,000 initially

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

1933 immediate relief rather than long term recovery, dealt with adult unemployment, led by Harry Hopkins

Federal Housing Administration

1934 gave small loans to households, both for improving their dwellings and for completing new ones

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum-hour levels. The eventual goals were forty cents an hour (later raised) and a forty-hour week. Labor by children under sixteen (under eighteen if the occupation was dangerous) was forbidden. Did not aid women and blacks

Farm Security Administration

1935 Granted loans to small farmers and tenants for rehabilitation and purchase of small-sized farms

Federal Works Agency

1939 Administered public construction, building maintenance and public works relief functions. This was an attempt to employ workers and to issue loans and grants to the places where the public works were taking place.

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

1933 main task was to refinance home mortgages that were in default or at risk of foreclosure due to the 1929 crash and the collapse of the housing industry.

National Industrial Recovery Act

1933 was a law passed by the United States Congress in 1933 to authorize the President to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and stimulate economic recovery.

National Recovery Administration

1933 goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

National Labor Relations Act

1935 same as Wagner Act, right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice. led to rise of John L. Lewis and his formation of Committee for Industrial Organization

National Labor Relations Board/The Wagner Act

1934 was instrumental in preventing employers from interfering with workers’ unions and protests in the private sector. The act established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect the rights of workers to organize, bargain collectively, and strike.

National Youth Administration

1935 focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25

Public Works Administration

1933 budgeted several billion dollars to be spent on the construction of public works as a means of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, improving public welfare, and contributing to a revival of American industry.

Resettlement Administration

1935 New Deal federal agency that relocated farmers struggling from the dust bowl to better soil.

Securities and Exchange Commission

1934 Commission created to regulate the securities market and protect investors from fraudulent and manipulative practices.

Social Security Administration

1935 Modern version of Social Security Board.

Tennessee Valley Authority

1933 Corporation which built dams along the Tennessee river to provide jobs, help housing through these jobs, while producing electricity.

Works Progress Administration

1935 eleven billion dollars was spent to improve the nation’s infrastructure which helped add jobs and curb unemployment.

Federal Art Project (part of WPA)

1935 agency that created posters, murals, and paintings, employ out-of-work artists by providing art for govt buildings

Federal Music Project (part of WPA)

1935 employed musicians, conductors and composers during the Great Depression. People in the music world had been particularly hard-hit by the era's economic downturn.

Federal Theatre Project (part of WPA)

1935 a New Deal program to fund theatre and other live artistic performances and entertainment programs in the United States during the Great Depression.

Federal Writers' Project (part of WPA)

1935 part of the United States Work Progress Administration to provide employment for historians, teachers, writers, librarians, and other white-collar workers.