Biology: Cell Systems, Homeostasis, and Respiration Key Concepts

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Carbon Dioxide

Gas molecule containing one carbon and two oxygens

Cellular Respiration

Process of converting glucose into ATP

Circulatory System

Body system responsible for transport of nutrients and waste

Diffusion

Movement of substances based on concentration

Dynamic Equilibrium

Maintaining overall balance

Excretory System

System responsible for water balance

Feedback Loop

Response to a stimulus that attempts to return a system to normal

Gas Exchange

Inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide

Glucose

Sugar

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution

Isotonic

A solution with an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution

Metabolic Process

Biochemical reactions that occur within a living organism

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration

Nervous System

System responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body

Osmoregulation

The process of maintaining water balance in the body

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Oxygen

A gas essential for cellular respiration

Respiratory System

System responsible for the exchange of gases in the body

Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining an optimal body temperature

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen, often resulting in fermentation.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food through processes like photosynthesis.

Heterotroph

An organism that obtains food by ingestion and absorption, such as animals and fungi.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Excretion

The process of removing metabolic wastes from the body, such as sweat, urine, and exhaled gases.

Metabolism

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms that includes both anabolism and catabolism.

Mitosis

A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Assimilation

The process by which nutrients are incorporated into the living organism's tissues.

Growth

An increase in size or number of cells in an organism.

Regulation

The process of coordinating and controlling all life processes within an organism.

Reproduction

The biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.

Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction involving one parent, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Sexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction involving two parents, resulting in genetically varied offspring.

Transport

The movement of substances around the cell and organism.

Nucleus

The part of the cell that contains DNA and controls cell activities.

Cytoplasm

The site of chemical reactions within the cell.

Cell Membrane

A semipermeable barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Cell Wall

A structure that provides support and protection to plant cells.

Organelle

A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.

Model Organism

An organism suitable for studying a specific trait, disease, or phenomenon.

Requirements for Model Organism

1) Observable traits; 2) Manageable in a laboratory setting.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen and produces ATP.

Alcohol Fermentation

A process where yeast converts sugars into alcohol and ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A process where glucose is converted into lactic acid and ATP without oxygen.

Inputs of Cellular Respiration

Oxygen and glucose are the main inputs for cellular respiration.

Outputs of Cellular Respiration

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water are the main outputs of cellular respiration.

Metabolic Wastes

Products of metabolism that need to be removed from the body, such as carbon dioxide and urea.

Urinary System

The system that filters blood to remove wastes and maintain osmotic pressure.

Exhalation

The process of breathing out carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Mitochondrion

An organelle in cells where aerobic respiration occurs.

Research Question

A question that guides scientific investigation, such as how sugar affects yeast respiration.