Readings in Philippine History: Unit 1

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental concepts, schools of thought, and methodologies discussed in Unit 1 of Readings in Philippine History.

Historia

A word meaning "knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation."

History (Traditional definition)

The account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidences.

No document, no history

A mantra of traditional historians meaning that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, it cannot be considered a historical fact.

Positivism

A school of thought that emerged between the $eighteenth$ and $nineteenth$ century requiring empirical and observable evidence for knowledge to be claimed as true.

Auxiliary disciplines

Fields such as archaeology, linguistics, biology, and biochemistry that collaborate with history to study civilizations through artifacts, language evolution, and genetic patterns.

The Annales School of History

A school of history that advocated for including people and classes not reflected in grand narratives by marrying history with geography, anthropology, archaeology, and linguistics.

History as a Discipline

The systematic and scholarly study of past events, societies, cultures, and individuals.

Historiography

The history of history, where the object of study is history itself, including the context, methods, and sources used by historians.

History as a Narrative

The way the past is presented to audiences through storytelling, shaped into a coherent and chronological account.

Ilustrados

Filipino intellectuals like Jose Rizal, Isabelo delos Reyes, and Pedro Paterno who wrote history to prove that Filipinos had their own intellect and culture.

Postcolonialism

A school of thought from the early $twentieth$ century that seeks to highlight national identity free from colonial discourse and criticize the effects of colonialism.

Historical methodology

A set of techniques and rules followed by historians to properly utilize sources and evidences, especially in cases of conflicting accounts.

Primary sources

Sources produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied, such as photographs, archival documents, or artifacts.

Secondary sources

Sources produced by an author who utilized primary sources to study a historical subject, such as textbooks or biographies.

External criticism

The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining physical characteristics like paper quality, ink type, and language consistency.

Internal criticism

The examination of the truthfulness and factuality of evidence by looking at the content, author, context, and intended agenda.

Code of Kalantiaw

A set of rules in the epic Maragtas allegedly by Datu Kalantiaw, debunked as a deception by William Henry Scott due to anachronisms.

William Henry Scott

The historian who disproved the authenticity of the Code of Kalantiaw in $1968$.

Ang Maharlika

The guerrilla unit Ferdinand Marcos claimed to lead during the Second World War, a claim disproven by war records of the United States.

R.G. Collingwood

The thinker who noted that the value of history is that it teaches us "what man has done, and thus what man is."