psych didnt know 3.0

leptin produced where

adipose cells

ghrelin produced where

stomach walls

detected by arcuate nucleus

stims the release of neuro peptitde y (stims apetite found in the hypothalamus)

lateral hypothalamus

hunger centre

vmh

satiety centre

study for lateral hypothalamus

Anand and Brobeck- damaged rat’s lateral hypothalamus lead to aphagia (absence of eating)

npy study + counter

Stanley et al - repeated injections of npy increased obesity in rats

→ too reductionist - Sakurai et al - found 2 dif neuropeptides - Orexin A + B that triggered hunger

when you lose your period

amenorrhea

therapies based on fst is successful

Bowen

modelling in anorexia nervosa

modelling from social media, peers which present attitudes and examples of eating behaviour and body image which is then observed and then imitated

western media body image, thinner is better which is then observed then imitated

study for social media

button et al- found when there was a higher influence of social media there was lower self esteem

studies for cognitive influence on AN

Hewitt et al- individual w/ AN is often a perfectionist each time they achieve their desired weight they raise their standard

Fairburn et al - ppl with AN sense of self worth is determined by their weight/appearance

cognitive characteristics with someone who has AN

perfectionist

introverted

a lot of self doubt

whats a typical belief someone with AN has

i must be thin for others to like me

transdiagnostic model

Fairburn- all cognitive distortions are the same for all eating disorders

-judging their self worth on their body weight and ability to control itr

support of high serotonin in AN

SRIs block the re-uptake of serotonin as high levels are associated with anorexia

what leads to successful dieting

• group support

• lifestyle changes

• physical excersises

reason for unsuccessful dieting + researcher

hedonic eating - where individuals are sensitiv eto the pleasure from food and seek this experience which can make enjoyment of eating and control of eating conflicting goals

increasing thoughts of food enjoyment = less control

Stroebe

another factor leading to unsucessful dieting

denial- wegner et al - white bear theory + restraint

paradigm shift

identified by Kuhn

a change in thinking and the way research is carried out

nurture blank slate

Locke’s tabula rasa, where you start life as a blank slate and all further behaviour is learnt

restorative justice meta analysis + re-offend stat

Sherman + Strange - only 11% re-offended

farrington study

41% of males from the deprived london areas had been convicted once

what are some cognitive distortions

hostile attribution bias

minimalisation

bowlby causal for offending + support

juvineile thieves 44 and 44 non-thieves

17/44 had experineced maternal deprivation

→ supported by aichorn

modelling study

ppl who live in violent communities model violent behaviour - Bartol

6 stages of top down + example of organised offender

1) profile- details of victim (age, gender) + weapons used

2) organise data ready to be analysed

3) data into 2 categories - organised/disorganised

4) details of possible offender background, habits

5) produce a full investigative report for action

6) action the report and apprehend offender

Ted Bundy - organised offender

top down simple definition

uses pre-established typology to assign offenders to one of two categories

based on interviews with murderers (36- small sample size + self-report) ignores other types of criminals

copson stats

copson interviewed 284 police officers

-82% said the approach was useful

-90% said they would use it again

top down brief eval

-copson

-deterministic assumes offenders wont change their behaviour

-research to support TD only in America so = ethnocentric

-only works for obvious chars crimes like murders and rape not fraud eg

-hard to identify offenders into dis/organised

modus operandi

a distinctive way ppl commit their crimes

geographical profiling research support

circle theory - Canter and Larkin → used grid reference and small space analysis for 120 serial killers found most of them in the circle

disorganised/organised

hazelwood

eval of bottomd up

-objective based on statistical data = improves reliability

-correlationary with geo prof

-assumes modus operandi remains consistent

difference in male and female characteristics

physical dimorphism

what is a difference in evolutionary pressures

anisogamy

men- able to produce and replenish sperm quicly and produce for a long extent - men more evolutionary pressure to produce as they can be unsure offspring is there which is why men are able to reproduce a lot

women- takes up more energy and produces a lot fewer eggs -women less evolutionary pressure to produce

Buss’s OG research into inter-sexual

10,000 ppts

37 cultures

questionnaire

women → financial prospects + resources

men → youth, physical attraction

clarke and hatfield stats

date → M+F = 50%

place → M+F = 6%

sex → M= 75%, F= 0%

ducks phase model

intra-psychic - recognise problems in relationship

dyadic- talk about it and reassess

social- go to family

grave dressing-change perception of relationship min own faults maxing partners

resurrection- re-creating sense of self for future relationship

ducks phase model supporting research

Miel + Crogham → assumes one person makes the decisions

Abert → gender differences men = cut losses, women = stay friends

absorption addiction model

individuals with low self esteem, lonely find it easier to be absorbed into psr as it fills their identity

these relationships can becomes addictive as the individual has to go to greater lengths to feel “connected” to the celebrity making it addictive

maltby et al

researched into the correlatory relationship between poorer mental health and parasocial relationships

entertainment social = loneliness

intense personal = anxiety/depressionstu

study for similarity in atitudes

Gruber + Baldini - same attitude important factor

Kerchoff + David - marry from same ethnic group

what does social exchange theory assume

all behaviours are series of echanges were benefits want to be maximised anc costs minimised to max utility

levels affecting commitment

satisfaction

investment

quality of alternatives

researcher who explains why ppl stay in abusive relationships

Rusbult + Martz

two types of investment

intrinsic- things we put directly into the relationship → effort, self-disclosure and money

extrinsic - things that occur from the relationship - children, friends