Respiratory System 2

Primary function of respiratory system

Gas exchange

Conducting airway division

No gas exchange occurs in this division

Respiratory tissue division

There is gas exchange occurring in this division

Glottic and cough reflexes

prevent aspiration by removing secretions

Phagocytic and bactericidal action

removes microorganisms and foreign articles

Immune Defenses (IgA and IgB)

Destroys microorganisms

Normal pH

7.35-7.45

Normal PcO2 (Partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide)

35-45

Normal Bicarbonate MM

22-26

Normal Partial pressure oxygen

80-100

Normal SPo2

90-100 (Ideally 95)

Normal SAo2

100% saturation

Hypoxemia

Reduction of ARTERIAL blood oxygen level

If PaO2 falls below 60 mm Hg

anaerobic metabolism takes over

When lactic acid is released

there is inflammation in the body

Etiology of hypoxemia

dysfunction of neurologic system,

inadequate oxygen

alterations in circulatory function

Diagnosis for Hypoxemia

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

Manifestations of Hypoxemia

Increased HR, Diaphoresis, Cyanosis

Hypercapnia

Increase in CO2 content of arterial blood

Etiology of Hypercapnia

Disturbance in gas exchange function of lungs

Manifestation of Hypercapnia

respiratory acidosis

COPD has both

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Asthma flare up

Acute and reversible exacerbation

During asthma, broncial hyperresponsiveness occurs which

the small airways tighten

For asthma, hyperplasia occurs in

the bronchial epithelial cells and smooth muscles of the lungs

A - in Asthma clinical manifestations

Accessory muscles used

S - in asthma clinical manifestations

Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)

T - in asthma clinical manifestations

Tight chest TACHYPNEA

H in clinical manifestations for asthma

High pitched WHEEZING

M in C.M. for asthma

Minimal diminised/decreased breath sounds

3 A’s for asthma

Absent breath, Acidosis, Air trapping

Status asthmaticus

Prolonged bronchospasm

Spirometry diagnostic test measures

force vital capacity and volume - expiratory/inspiratory reserve

Which of the following causes airway narrowing DURING asthma attack

Bronchospasm, inflammation, increased airway secretion

Which of the following contributes towards patient DEVELOPING asthma

genetic predisposition, eosinophils in airway, exposure to environmental triggers

COPD

Characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow,

There is irreversible damage to _________ and ________ in COPD

alveoli and bronchi of lung

Etiology for COPD

#1 risk factor smoking

Two C’s for COPD

Chronic air trapping

Co2 is high

Emphysema COPD

Loss of alveolar lung elasticity

Hyperinflation

Pink puffer

Air traping

Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis

Blue bloater

Mucus and edema

Difficult bringing air in

COPD Clinical manifestation BRONCHITIS

Big and blue skin

Long term chronic cough

U unusual lung sounds

E edema

COPD Clinical manifestations of Emphysema

Pink skin

Increased chest (barrel)

No chronic cough

Keep on tripoding

COPD is _________ airway change while asthma is _______ and reversible

permanent, acute

Pneumonia

inflammation of parenchymal structures in lower respiratory tract

Community acquired pneumonia

Begins outside of the hospital

hospital acquired pneumonia

pneumonia that occurs 48 hrs after admission to hospital

Typical pneumonia

infection by bacteria

Atypical pneumonia

From a virus, less purulent sputum, less consolidation

Bronchial pneumonia

patchy consolidation

RAC Pneumonia clinical manifestations

Restlessness

Agitation

Confusion

CM for Pneumonia

Fever >100.4 F

yellow sputum

Crackles during auscultation

SOB

Pleuritic Chest pain

Pleuritic Chest Pain

Sharp burning pain in chest when breathing in

Lung Cancer

Tumors arise from epithelial lining of major bronchi

Small cell lung cancer is highly malignant and tends to infiltrate __________

the brain

Paraneoplastic

collection of signs/symptoms of disease processes that occur indirectly bc of cancer in body

Squamous cell lung cancer

More common in men who smoke

Originate in central bronchi