A&P Lab 1 Tissue Histology

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Last updated 6:19 PM on 8/31/26
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86 Terms

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What are the four basic tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue

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What is the general function of epithelial tissue?

It covers surfaces, lines body cavities/organs, and forms glands

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What is the general function of connective tissue?

Supports, protects, and binds organs

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What is the general function of muscular tissue?

Contraction and movement

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What is the general function of nervous tissue?

Communication/signaling and coordination through electrical and chemical signals.

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What does cellularity mean in epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue has closely packed cells with little extracellular material between them.

<p>Epithelial tissue has <strong>closely packed cells with little extracellular material</strong> between them.</p>
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What does epithelial polarization mean?

Epithelial cells have distinct apical and basal surfaces.

<p>Epithelial cells have distinct <strong>apical and basal surfaces</strong>.</p>
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What does epithelial tissue attach to?

A basement membrane

<p>A basement membrane </p>
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Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

Avascular

<p>Avascular</p>
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Does epithelial tissue have extensive innervation?

yes!, extensive

<p>yes!, extensive</p>
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Does epithelial tissue regenerate quickly?

Yes, it has a high regeneration capacity.

<p>Yes, it has a <strong>high regeneration capacity</strong>.</p>
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What two characteristics are used to classify epithelial tissue?

Number of cell layers and cell shape

<p>Number of cell layers and cell shape</p>
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What does "simple" mean in epithelial tissue?

One layer of cells.

<p><strong>One layer</strong> of cells.</p>
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What does "stratified" mean?

Multiple layers of cells.

<p><strong>Multiple layers</strong> of cells.</p>
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What does "pseudostratified" mean?

The tissue appears multilayered, but every cell contacts the basement membrane.

<p>The tissue appears multilayered, but <strong>every cell contacts the basement membrane</strong>.</p>
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What does squamous mean?

Flat/thin cells.

  • like a fried egg


<p><strong>Flat/thin</strong> cells.</p><ul><li><p>like a fried egg</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What does cuboidal mean?

Cells that are approximately as tall as they are wide.

<p>Cells that are approximately <strong>as tall as they are wide</strong>.</p>
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What does columnar mean?

Tall cells, taller than they are wide.

<p><strong>Tall cells</strong>, taller than they are wide.</p>
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What is the key naming rule your instructor emphasized for epithelial tissue?

The test answer should contain four words: the number of layers, cell type, and "epithelial tissue" — with the required terminology included for the specific tissue.

  • Example = Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue


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<p>What kind of tissue is this?</p>

What kind of tissue is this?

Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

  • one layer of very thin, flat cells


<p>Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue</p><ul><li><p>one layer of very thin, flat cells</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What are the major functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Diffusion and exchange; it also forms thin flexible surfaces.

<p><strong>Diffusion and exchange</strong>; it also forms thin flexible surfaces.</p>
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Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Capillaries, alveoli, and serous membranes

<p>Capillaries, alveoli, and serous membranes</p>
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<p>What kind of tissue is this?</p>

What kind of tissue is this?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

  • as tall as wide, central nucleus, prominent basement membrane


<p>Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue</p><ul><li><p>as tall as wide, central nucleus, prominent basement membrane</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What are the major functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Absorption & Secretion

<p>Absorption &amp; Secretion</p>
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Where is simple cuboidal epithelial tissue found?

Kidney tubules and exocrine glands & ducts

<p>Kidney tubules and exocrine glands &amp; ducts</p>
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<p>What kind of tissue is this?</p>

What kind of tissue is this?

Simple (Nonciliated) Columnar Epithelial Tissue

  • nuclei are basal & relatively uniform


<p>Simple (Nonciliated) Columnar Epithelial Tissue</p><ul><li><p>nuclei are basal &amp; relatively uniform</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What are the major functions of simple columnar epithelium?*

Absorption & Secretion*

<p>Absorption &amp; Secretion*</p>
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Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

the intestine

<p>the intestine</p>
29
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<p>What are goblet cells?</p>

What are goblet cells?

Cells that produce mucin, which contributes to mucus.

<p>Cells that produce <strong>mucin</strong>, which contributes to mucus.</p>
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What is the function of mucin/mucus in the intestine?

It helps protect and lubricate the epithelial surface.

<p>It helps <strong>protect and lubricate</strong> the epithelial surface.</p>
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What is a brush border?

A layer of microvilli on the apical surface.

  • increase surface area for absorption

  • 3,000-500 microvilli per cell


<p>A layer of <strong>microvilli</strong> on the apical surface.</p><ul><li><p>increase surface area for absorption</p></li><li><p>3,000-500 microvilli per cell</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>What kind of tissue is this?</p>

What kind of tissue is this?

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Tissue

  • nuclei not uniform → pseudostratification

  • lots of goblet cells


<p>Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Tissue</p><ul><li><p>nuclei not uniform → pseudostratification</p></li><li><p>lots of goblet cells</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Are all cells of pseudostratified epithelium attached to the basement membrane?

  • Yes, EVERY cell attached at basement membrane

  • NOT EVERY cell reaches apical surface


<ul><li><p>Yes, EVERY cell attached at basement membrane </p></li><li><p>NOT EVERY cell reaches apical surface</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What are cilia? Function in PCCE?

Hair-like projections that move material along the epithelial surface

  • move foreign material/mucus toward the throat.


<p>Hair-like projections that <strong>move material along the epithelial surface</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>move foreign material/mucus toward the throat</strong>.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Where is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium found?

The upper airways/respiratory tract.

<p>The <strong>upper airways/respiratory tract</strong>.</p>
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How do cilia and mucus work together in the respiratory tract?

Goblet cells produce mucin → mucus captures foreign material → cilia move the mucus toward the throat

37
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<p>What kind of tissue is this?</p>

What kind of tissue is this?

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

  • multiple cell layers

  • named w/TOP layer of cells = surface cells are squamous


<p>Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue</p><ul><li><p>multiple cell layers</p></li><li><p>named w/TOP layer of cells = surface cells are squamous</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection

  • FOUND IN SKIN

  • Multiple layers → cells can be shed/replaced → underlying tissues remain protected.


<p>Protection</p><ul><li><p>FOUND IN SKIN</p></li><li><p>Multiple layers → cells can be shed/replaced → underlying tissues remain protected.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>What happens to the nuclei of the surface cells in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?</p>

What happens to the nuclei of the surface cells in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

The surface cells lack nuclei because they are dead.

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<p>What kind of tissue is this?</p>

What kind of tissue is this?

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

  • lacks keratin at the apical surface


41
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<p>Do the surface cells of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium have nuclei?</p>

Do the surface cells of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium have nuclei?

Yes. The surface cells are living.

<p><strong>Yes.</strong> The surface cells are living.</p>
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What is the main function of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection

  • Multiple layers → protection from abrasion/wear.


<p>Protection</p><ul><li><p><strong>Multiple layers → protection from abrasion/wear.</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

Typically moist environments

  • Oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anus


<p>Typically moist environments</p><ul><li><p>Oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, anus</p></li></ul><p></p>
44
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What are the three major components of connective tissue?

Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.

<p>Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.</p>
45
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What components make up the extraceullar matrix?

Protein fibers + ground substance

  • Material outside the cells consisting of fibers and ground substance


<p><strong>Protein fibers + ground substance</strong></p><ul><li><p>Material <strong>outside the cells</strong> consisting of fibers and ground substance</p></li></ul><p></p>
46
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What are the three types of protein fibers in connective tissue?

  • Collagen Fiber

  • Elastin Fiber

  • Reticular Fiber


<ul><li><p>Collagen Fiber</p></li><li><p>Elastin Fiber</p></li><li><p>Reticular Fiber</p></li></ul><p></p>
47
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What are examples of connective tissue cells?

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, and macrophages

<p>Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, and macrophages</p>
48
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<p>What is blue?</p>

What is blue?

Fibroblast

  • Connective tissue cells associated with producing/maintaining the ECM and fibers

  • most prominent


49
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<p>What is pink?</p>

What is pink?

Adipocyte

  • fat cell


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<p>What is orange?</p>

What is orange?

Macrophage

  • Connective tissue cells involved in engulfing foreign material/debris


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<p>What is yellow?</p>

What is yellow?

Mesenchymal cell

  • multipotent stem cells that can develop into various types of connective tissues, including bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat


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What is ground substance?

non-fibrous component of the extracellular matrix surrounding connective tissue cells and fibers.

  • Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins


<p>non-fibrous component of the extracellular matrix surrounding connective tissue cells and fibers.</p><ul><li><p>Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is collagen's general structural role? (protein fiber)

provide strength

  • especially strong


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What is elastin's general structural role?

Provides elasticity/stretch and recoil

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What are reticular fibers associated with?

Forming a supportive network/framework

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What are the three broad categories of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

<p><strong>Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue</strong></p>
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What type of connective tissue is areolar CT?

Loose connective tissue proper

  • Key = increased ground substance, which is mostly fluid


<p>Loose connective tissue proper</p><ul><li><p>Key = <strong>increased ground substance</strong>, which is mostly fluid</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

It acts as a conduit for blood vessels and nerves and provides support/binding

<p>It acts as a <strong>conduit for blood vessels and nerves</strong> and provides support/binding</p>
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Where is areolar connective tissue found?

Throughout the body; dermal papillae are an easy location to identify.

  • the most abundant connective tissue


<p><strong>Throughout the body</strong>; dermal papillae are an easy location to identify.</p><ul><li><p>the most abundant connective tissue</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What type of connective tissue is adipose?*

Loose connective tissue proper

<p>Loose connective tissue proper</p>
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What is the primary characteristic of adipose tissue?

contains adipocytes/fat cells → fat storage

  • Highly vascularized, found everywhere (especially subcutaneous layer)


<p>contains <strong>adipocytes/fat cells → fat storage</strong></p><ul><li><p>Highly vascularized, found everywhere (especially subcutaneous layer)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What type of connective tissue is reticular CT?

Loose Connective tissue proper

<p>Loose Connective tissue proper</p>
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Where is reticular connective tissue found?

Lymph nodes & spleen

<p>Lymph nodes &amp; spleen</p>
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What type of connective tissue is dense regular CT?

Dense connective tissue proper.

  • large collagen fibers running parallel with little ground matrix

  • occasional fibroblast


<p>Dense connective tissue proper.</p><ul><li><p><strong>large collagen fibers running parallel</strong> with little ground matrix</p></li><li><p>occasional fibroblast</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the main function of dense regular CT?

Provides strong tensile strength in one primary direction.

  • Tendons and ligaments

  • parallel arrangement provides strong resistance to pulling forces along the direction of the fibers.


<p>Provides <strong>strong tensile strength in one primary direction</strong>.</p><ul><li><p>Tendons and ligaments</p></li><li><p>parallel arrangement provides <strong>strong resistance to pulling forces along the direction of the fibers</strong>.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What type of connective tissue is dense irregular CT?

Dense connective tissue proper.

  • decreased ground matrix

  • Large collagen bundles

  • NOT parallel → strong in multiple direction


<p><strong>Dense connective tissue proper.</strong></p><ul><li><p>decreased ground matrix</p></li><li><p>Large collagen bundles</p></li><li><p>NOT parallel → strong in multiple direction</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the function of dense irregular CT?

Provides strength in multiple directions.

  • Found in Deep dermis and fibrous capsules


<p>Provides <strong>strength in multiple directions</strong>.</p><ul><li><p>Found in Deep dermis and fibrous capsules</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What type of connective tissue is elastic CT?***

Dense connective tissue proper***

<p><strong>Dense connective tissue proper***</strong></p>
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Where is elastic connective tissue found?

Arterial Blood Vessels

<p>Arterial Blood Vessels</p>
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<p>Which is loose aerolar CT and which is dense irregular CT ?</p>

Which is loose aerolar CT and which is dense irregular CT ?

left = aerolar

right = dense irregular

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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Proper Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

<p>Proper Loose Reticular Connective Tissue</p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Proper Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

<p>Proper Dense Elastic Connective Tissue</p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Proper loose adipose connective tissue

<p><strong>Proper loose adipose connective tissue</strong></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Proper loose areolar connective tissue.

<p><strong>Proper loose areolar connective tissue.</strong></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Proper dense irregular connective tissue.

<p><strong>Proper dense irregular connective tissue.</strong></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Proper dense regular connective tissue.

<p><strong>Proper dense regular connective tissue.</strong></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Bone CT

  • Osteocytes


<p>Bone CT</p><ul><li><p>Osteocytes</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Blood CT

  • Fluid Ct


<p>Blood CT</p><ul><li><p>Fluid Ct</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Hyaline Cartilage

  • Supporting Connective Tissue


<p>Hyaline Cartilage </p><ul><li><p>Supporting Connective Tissue</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Elastic Cartilage

  • Supporting Connective Tissue


<p>Elastic Cartilage</p><ul><li><p>Supporting Connective Tissue</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Tissue?</p>

Tissue?

Fibrocartilage

  • Supporting Connective Tissue


<p>Fibrocartilage </p><ul><li><p>Supporting Connective Tissue</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>What is 1? #</p>

What is 1? #

Dense Regular CT proper #

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<p>What is 2? #</p>

What is 2? #

Adipose Loose CT Proper #

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<p>What is 3? #</p>

What is 3? #

Dense Irregular loose CT proper #

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<p>What is number 4? #</p>

What is number 4? #

Areolar loose CT proper #

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<p>What is number 5? #</p>

What is number 5? #

Stratified Squamous ET, keratinized #