Unit 5

Tropical climate

• Hot year-round

• heavy rainfall

• 🍌🍍🥭🍫 ☕

Mediterranean climate

dry summers

mild, wet winters

🫒🍇🍈🍊 🌰🍅

Market gardening

• a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers

• typically serves a specific market or urban area

• driven by the likeliness to spoil

3 types of intensive farming

market gardening

plantation

mixed crop/livestock

plantation agriculture

• large-scale farming of a single crop

• more in developing countries (so many labor)

metes and bounds

establishes boundaries according to natural features

township and range

divides land into equal size

long lot

agricultural revolution

hunting → sedentary agricultural societies

first agricultural revolution

• humans stopped chasing food

• settled into one place to grow food

• shift from foraging for food to farming

fertile crescent

wheat🌾🌾

barley

oats 🥣

Where did crops diffuse through from fertile crescent

Middle east Europe

parts of Africa

Where did crops diffuse through from Sub-saharan africa

Southern Africa

Where did crops diffuse through from central america

North and South America

Where did crops diffuse through from east asia

Japan and Korea

Where did crops diffuse through from southeast asia

East india

Indus River Valley

South Asia

wheat🌾🌾

barley

peas🫛🫛

cattle🐮🐮🐮🐮

camels🐫🐫🐫🐫

buffalo🦬🦬🦬🦬

Southeast Asia (agricultural hearth)

mangoes 🥭🥭

coconut 🥥🥥

Central America (agricultural hearth)

maize🌽🌽

potatoes 🥔🥔

squash 🎃🎃

peppers 🌶🌶

East Asia (agricultural hearth)

rice 🍚🍚

soybean 🫛

Second Agricultural Hearth

mechanical technology increased crop uields

made harvest efficient

led to population growth

seed drill

plants seeds evenly and at a certain depth in rows.

stopped farmers from planting seeds by hand

mechanical reaper

• cuts & bundles crops

• farmers stopped cutting crops by hand

steel plow

cuts through tough soil

made it possible to cultivate more land to grow more crops

effects of 2nd agricultural revolution

• longer life expectancy (more food → more babies)

• demographic shift (more machines → less workers needed → goes to factories for jobs)

green revolution

science into agriculture (synthetic fertilizer, chemical pesticides)

occurred in U.S and hierarchically diffused to countries with subsistence farming

disadvantages of green revolution

environmental consequences (double cropping, chemicals)

exclusion of women

economic consequences

how does green revolution lead to economic consequences

new seeds owned and sold by large agribusinesses have its own pesticides that works only for their seeds which forces them to buy from them

Von Thunen Model 2nd ring

Intensive farming & dairy (goes bad quickly)

Von Thunen Model 3rd ring

Forests & Timbers (expensive for heavy transportation)

Von Thunen Model 4th ring

grains cereal crops

Von Thunen Model 5th ring

Ranching, Livestock

Limitations of Von Thunen Model

• All have access to one market

• Market has no outside influence

• Flat & no physical features

• Only Ox pulling cart is transportation

Bid rent theory

further a central business district is → lowers the demand & price of land

Soil Salinization

dry temperature evaporates water → leaves salt in land and strips soil fertility

When did Southwest Asia (fertile crescent) hearth diffused

10,000-12,000 yeara ago

When did Southeast Asia hearth diffused

10,000 years ago

When did East asia heart diffused

9,500 years ago

When did Sub-saharan africa diffuse

7,000 years ago

When did mesoamerican hearth diffuse

5,500 years ago