UNIT 9: The Interwar Period

nationalization

government takeover of natural resources

apartheid

policy of racial segregation adopted in South Africa in 1948 to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy, which forced native Black South Africans to live in crowded "reserves" (ghettos) in dry, infertile areas, carry identification papers at all times, work in low-paying, unskilled jobs; it abolished the right of property-owning Black South Africans to vote in local elections

muslim brotherhood

transnational radical Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt in 1928 by Sheikh Hassan al-Banna that aims to Islamize society through the promotion of sharia, Islamic values, and a strong moral code through preaching, political activism, and social welfare programs

mustafa kemal

known as Ataturk, which means "father of the Turks," this determined, energetic Turkish nationalist overthrew the Ottoman sultan in 1920, defeated the invading Greeks, and declared Turkey a republic; from 1923 until his death in 1938, he instituted an ambitious program of radical reforms to modernize and secularize Turkey

amritsar massacre

major turning point in the fight for Indian independence from British rule; 1919 incident in which British soldiers fired on a crowd of peaceful demonstrators gathered in the Sikh holy city in northern India, killing nearly 400 unarmed civilians and wounding more than 1,100

ahimsa

ancient Hindu and Jain doctrine of nonviolence and reverence for all life; a key principle that Mahatma Gandhi promoted throughout his leadership of the Indian independence movement

salt march

major turning point in the Indian independence movement; in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi and a band of followers made a 240-mile march to the sea to protest the hated salt laws and taxes, which gave the British the sole right to produce and sell salt; upon reaching the sea, Gandhi and his supporters collected salt from the sea, for which he was quickly arrested and jailed--many Indians followed his example; attracted large crowds and media attention

jiang jieshi

energetic army officer who came to lead the Guomindang upon Sun Yixian's 1925 death; uninterested in democracy or communism, he wanted to destroy the warlords and reunite China; turned on his sometimes Chinese Communist allies in 1926, who he saw as a threat to his power--the following year he ordered a massacre of thousands of Communists and the workers who supported them, launching a 22-year civil war

mao zedong

young revolutionary from peasant origins who escaped Jiang's 1927 purge and worked to spread Communism among the large peasant masses, in part by redistributing land in southeastern China to them and offering them education and health care

march on rome

1922 action in which Mussolini and tens of thousands of his supporters approached the capital to demand government changes; as a result, in fear of civil war, King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government as prime minister, solidifying Mussolini's control of Italy

collectives

used in Communist states, large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group in order to maximize productivity; the government provided tractors, fertilizer, and seed, but peasants were expected to turn over their animals and implements to it; the state set prices and controlled access to supplies

nuremberg laws

legislation enacted by Nazi Germany in 1935 to systematically deprive German Jews of their rights and restrict their freedoms and livelihoods; stripped their German citizenship, prohibited them from marrying non-Jews, attending or teaching at German schools, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publishing books; its aim was to drive Jews out of Germany

in response to what colonial arrangement did the egyptioan-born muslim brotherhood materialize?

egypts “independence” granted by the british

name and describe the 1919 event that made british eviction from the subcontinent both the INC’s stated goal and an emergency

-the amritsar massacre

-a large group was gathered in an enclosed field during a high sikh and hindu holiday, mostly unaware the british had banned public gatherings

-the british troopsmopened fire: killing 400, injuring 1000

in what important way did mao zedong adapt communism to fit chinese conditions?

he aimed to seek support from the peasant masses, instead of the small urban proletariat

-founder of communist movement - wins civil war

how did jiang jieshis generals think his guomindang should respond to the 1931 japanese invasion of manchuria?

they thought the guomindang should cooperate with the communist

how did the japanese repsond to the league of nations’ condemnation of their seizure of chinese manchuria?

they withdrew from the body

why were italian nationalists upset with the post-WWI division of spoils?

because the allied powers had promised certain austro-hungarian lands with large italian populations to italy (only to get italy to join on their side), but some of those lands ended up going to yugoslavia

how did stalin’s soviet union deviate from pure marxist communism?

-from the marxist ideas of the working class controlling the state

-built a totalitarian state controlled by a bureacracyw

what was the objective of stalin’s 1934 great purge?

to target old bolsheviks - communist elites who launched the revolution (potential rivals)

what was the objective of the dawes plan? did it work?

-to reduce reparation payments

-yes it did work

why did conservative politicials in the weimar government appoint hitler chancellor of germany in 1933?

-feared communist influence

-thought they could control hitler