Exercise 9 - Regional Anatomy of the Head and Neck

number of cranial bones

8

number of facial bones

14

ethmoid bone

found deep to nasal, lacrimal, and frontal bones

frontal bone

forms anterior and part of the superior surfaces of skull

Inferior nasal concha

2 of them; projection of bone on the inferior and medial surface of the nasal cavity

lacrimal bone

2 of them; lateral and posterior to the nasal bones, contain a depression for tear drainage

Mandible

jaw bone, inferior to maxilla, attachment for inferior row of teeth

Maxilla

2 of them; forms the anterior portion of the superior boundary of the oral cavity, attachment for the superior row of teeth

Nasal bone

2 of them; form the anterior portion of the nasal cavity

Palatine bone

2 of them; form the posterior portion of the superior boundary of the oral cavity

Parietal bone

left and right ones; form the lateral and superior portions of the skull, posterior to the frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

connects with all other cranial bones, forms part of the orbit and inferior surface of the skull

Temporal bone

left and right ones; form the lateral surface of the skull, inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone

Vomer

found in the lower, posterior nasal septum. can also be seen from posterior view

Zygomatic bone

2 of them; posterior to the maxillae and anterior to the temporal bone; cheek bones

occipital bone

forms the posterior and inferior surfaces of the skull

Lambdoid suture

joint between parietal and occipital bones

Sagittal suture

joint between parietal bones

coronal suture

joint between frontal and parietal bones

supraorbital foramen

a bony elongated opening located above the orbit (eye socket) and under the forehead on the frontal bone

supraorbital notch

opening in frontal bone; incomplete supraorbital foramen, do same thing

superciliary arch

part of frontal bone; make up brow ridges

supraorbital margin

part of frontal bone; make up brow ridges

orbit

bony structures of the skull that house the globe, extraocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lacrimal apparatus, and adipose tissue

occipital condyles

articulate with 1st cervical vertebrae

foramen magnum

large opening in base of occipital bone, allows spinal cord to exit

hypoglossal canal

lateral to foramen magnum; bone opening in occipital bone

external occipital protuberance

knobline thing on occipital bone

stella turcica / turkish saddle

on sphenoid bone

optic canal

sphenoid bone opening

superior orbital fissure

sphenoid bone opening

foramen rotundum

sphenoid bone opening

foramen ovale

sphenoid bone opening

foramen spinosum

sphenoid bone opening

crista galli / cock’s comb

attachment site for dura mater on ethmoid bone

cribriform plate

forms the roof of the nasal cavity and separates the brain from the nasal cavity; part of ethmoid

perpendicular plate

forms part of nasal septum on ethmoid

superior nasal conchae

increase airflow to nose on ethmoid bone

middle nasal conchae

increase airflow to nose on ethmoid bone

mandibular fossa

socket for mandible

mastoid processes

on temporal bone

zygomatic processes

on temporal bone

styloid processes

on temporal bone

external acoustic meatus

found on external lateral surface of skull, where sound waves are conducted into ear; bone opening in temporal bone

internal acoustic meatus

found on internal lateral surface of skull; nerves carrying info regarding sound and balance; bone opening in temporal bone

carotid canal

opening for internal carotid artery; bone opening in temporal bone

stylomastoid foramen

opening found between the styloid process and the mastoid process; bone opening in temporal bone

mastoiditis

inflammation of the air cells of the mastoid process

apex of nasal bone

tip of nasal bone

nostrils / external nares

part of nasal bone

ala of nose

crescent-shaped, expanded outer wall of cartilage on each side of the nose that forms the lateral part of the nasal vestibule; part of nasal bone

lacrimal fossa

contain lacrimal sac; part of lacrimal bones

body of mandible

part of mandible

mandibular angle

part of mandible

ramus

part of mandible

mandibular condyles / condylar processes of mandible

part of mandible

alveolar processes of mandible

surround and support lower teeth; part of mandible

coronoid process

part of mandible; serves as insertion point for temporalis muscle

mental foramen

bone opening of mandible

mental protuberace

anterior tip of mandible

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

joint that connects your lower jaw to your skull, just in front of your ears

palatine process

forms anterior of hard palate; part of maxillae

hard palate

roof of mouth; part of maxillae

alveolar processes of maxilla

part of maxilla that supports upper teeth

temporal processes of zygomatic bone

process that articulates with the zygomatic processes of temporal bone; part of zygomatic bones

zygomatic arch

part of zygomatic bones

foramen lacerum

found between temporal and sphenoid bones near the stella turcica; between skull bones

inferior orbital fissure

found between sphenoid and maxilla bones, slit-like opening in the inferior surface of the orbit; between skull bones

jugular foramen

large opening between the temporal and occipital bones; between skull bones

what bones make up orbits

parts of ethmoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxillae, palatine, sphenoid, and zygomatic

what bones make up nasal cavity

parts of frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, and nasal bones

septum

divides nasal cavity into left and right parts; bone posteriorly and cartilage anteriorly

philtrum

shallow vertical groove on upper lip; surface anatomy only

hyoid bone

u-shaped bone that can move from side to side; does not articulate with any other bone

maxillae paranasal sinus

mucous lined, air filled cavity in maxillae bone

ethmoid paranasal sinus (ethmoid cells)

mucous lined, air filled cavity in the ethmoid bone

sphenoid paranasal sinus

mucous lined, air filled cavity in the sphenoid bone

frontal paranasal sinus

mucous lined, air filled cavity in the frontal bone

fontanelles

unossified membranes attaching bones of fetal skull

muscles of facial expression

occipitalis, frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major and minor, buccinator, platysma

occipitalis

move scalp posteriorly and inferiorly (retracts scalp)

frontalis

raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

orbicularis oculi

closes eye (blinking and squinting)

orbicularis oris

purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling)

zygomaticus major

raise corner of mouth (smiling) and upper lip exposing teeth (snarling)

zygomaticus minor

same as zygomaticus major

buccinator

draws corners of mouth laterally; “sucks in” cheeks; assists in holding food between teeth without chewing

platysma

tenses neck skin and depresses mandible; pouting muscle

extrinsic eye muscles

superior rectus, inferior rectus, medical rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique

superior rectus

eye looks up

inferior rectus

eye looks down

medial rectus

eye looks medially

lateral rectus

eye looks laterally

superior oblique

eye looks down and laterally

inferor oblique

eye looks up and laterally

muscles of mastication

masseter and temporalis

masseter

elevates mandible and closes jaw

temporalis

elevates mandible and closes jaw

muscles that move tongue

genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus

genioglossus

form internal surface of mandible to base of tongue; protracts tongue; can depress tongue