APHUG - Unit Review Videos

Acculturation

culture adopts certain cultural traits of another (original culture is NOT lost)

Adolescent Fertility Rate

Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15-19 in a year

Agglomeration

clustering different economic activities and industries in an area (reduces cost since they’re all close)

Antecedent boundary

existed before human settlement/creation of cultural landscape

Anthropocene

time where humans majorly impacted Earth

Anti-natalist policies

gov. policies that want to decrease births

Aquaculture

raising of aquatic organism for consumption

Aquifers

layers underneath the ground that stores ground water flows

Assimilation

individuals or group adopts the cultural norms of a dominate group/society

Asylum-seeker

seeking international protection

Autonomous region

area located within a state that has a lot of control/independence

Bid-Rent Theory

Closer to market is more expensive

Blockbusting

real estate agents motivated white homeowners to sell their homes at a lower price so that they can sell with a higher price to minorities

Boomburb

rapidly growing suburban area, developed its own identity

Break-of-bulk point

location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another

Brownfield

abandoned property (usually contaminated)

Built environment

human-made structures that shapes cultural landscape

Bulk gaining goods

gets heavier/hard to transport when produced

Bulk reducing goods

products that lose bulk when produced

Burgess Concentric Model

city is a series of rings with CBD in the core

Capital investment

funds/resources put into an activity/business to try generate profit

Cartogram

thematic map that distorts area size

Central Place Theory

Walter Christaller, settlements are distributed in hierarchical patterns

Centrifugal forces

divide/pull people apart in a state/society

Centripetal forces

unify/bring people together in a state/society

Choke points

area that has to be passed through to reach a destination

Choropleth

thematic map that uses colors

Cities ecological footprint

amount of land and resources used to support population of a city

Colonialism

actually/physically control over another country with a colony

Commodity chain

activities/process of producing a product

Commodity dependence

economy is really dependent on one export/commodity

Commodity

raw material

Community-supported agriculture

consumers directly support local farmers by purchasing shares/subscriptions from them in advance

Comparative advantage

ability of an organization/individual to produce a good/service at a lower opportunity cost than another

Complementarity index

measure used to assess the compatibility between products/services that two countries produce and trade with each other

Consequent boundary

created to divide different ethnic groups/religions/linguistic groups

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

%of women using or whose partners use a birth control method

Cottage industries

small-scale business that produces goods locally

Creolization

new culture emerges from mix of different cultural practices

Crude Birth Rate

the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year

Crude Death Rate

the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year

Cultural convergence

different cultures become more similar over time

Cultural divergence

difference cultures becoming more distinct from each other

Cultural Relativism

analyzing/judging a culture by its own standards/from their perspective

Degradation

deterioration of natural resources due to human activity

Deindustrialization

decline of industrial activities

Democratization

political regime becomes more democratic

Dependency ratio

ratio of dependents to working-age population (“child dependency” means more children, “aged dependency” means more elders)

Dependency Theory

developing countries are dependent on developed countries for their economic growth

Devolution

transfer of power from central to regional governments (Ex. Basque region wants greater power from Spain, Belgium has a linguistic divide between Flanders and Wallonia)

Diaspora

dispersion of a population from its original homeland

Disamenity zone

area in a city that lacks services/amenities

Disintegrate

state breaks up into smaller parts

Distance decay

further away from a place = less interaction

Dot density

thematic map that uses dots

Doubling Time

time it takes for population to double in size

Economic restructuring

shift in production, employment, etc.

Economies of Scale

as a company grows, it is able to reduce average cost to produce its product

Ecotourism

tourism focused on environmental sustainability and conservation

Enclosure Movement

England, small farms were combined into larger farms (communally owned to privately owned)

Environmental determinism

physical environment dictates human activity

Environmental injustice

disproportional distribution of environmental hazards among social groups

Environmental Possibilism

humans have the ability to adjust physical environment

Epidemiological transition

explains the causes of changing death rates

Ethnic nationalist movement

cultural group wants to separate themselves

Ethnic religion

centered around a specific cultural or ethnic group, usually stays in one location (Hinduism, Judaism)

Ethnic separatism

person/group starts to identify more as their own ethnic group than as citizen of the state

Ethnocentrism

analyzing/judging a culture by standard’s of your own culture/perspective (belief that your/one culture is superior)

Ethnonationalism

nation is defined in terms of ethnicity

Export Processing Zones (EPZs)

regions in a country’s borders that offer special economic regulations and incentives to promote production of goods and services for export

Extensive farming

uses more land, less capital/production, further from market

Exurb

settlement outside of a suburban area, remains connected to metro area

Failed state

A state that no longer has a functioning government

Fair trade

trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries ensuring fair wages and working conditions

Fallow

land is left uncultivated for a period to restore its fertility

Federal governance

power is shared between central and regional government

First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

hunter-gathering → sedentary/farming in one place

Food desert

lacks access to affordable, healthy, fresh food

Fordism

system of production that emphasizes mass production of standard goods

Formal (Uniform) region

shared attributes

Free Trade Zones (FTZs)

region in a country where imported goods can be stored/processed without being subject to tariffs or trade barriers

Free trade

international trade with no restrictions/barriers that increase cost of trade or prevent trade

Fuller projection

minimizes size distortion, bad shape and direction.

Functional (Nodal) region

area organized around a node

Galactic Model

advancements in infrastructure allows people to live in edge cities/further away from central city

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

measures gender-based inequalities (0 is most equal, 1 is most unequal)

Gender Parity

economic development generally increases gender equality

Gentrification

lower income residents get pushed out by higher income newcomers

Geographic Information System (GIS)

software that collects/analyzes geographic and spatial data

Geometric boundary

defined by lines of latitude and longitude

Gerrymandering

redistricting a voting district to favor a political party (packing=putting like-minded voters in a few districts to reduce their impact, cracking=spreading like-minded voters across districts)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

global navigation satellite system

Goode Homolosine Projection

minimizes distortion, bad direction

Government subsidies

financial incentive or payment given by the gov. to support farmers

Graduated symbol

thematic map that uses symbols

Gravity Model

greater pull factors to bigger city than smaller city

Green Revolution

increase in agricultural production due to new high-yield crop varieties, chemicals, modern irrigation techniques

Greenbelt

area with conservational/recreational purpose

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

total value of goods and services within a country

Gross National Income (GNI)

total income from a country’s residents/business both in and out of the country