AP HUG Vocab 1-4

Geography

Bring together the physical + human dimension of the world. Study of people, place, and enviro

Human geo

The study of events/processes that have shaped how humans understand, use and alter Earth.

Physical geography

study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment. Landforms, plants, animals, climate

Spatial perspective

refers to where smth occurs. Where and why things are located.

Ecological perspective

relationship between living things and environment. Interactive+interdependent relationships

Location

Position that a point/object occupies on Earth.

Absolute L

Exact location of a place coordinate

Relative

Description of a place relative to its surrounding. Amplus by crumbl on durango

Place

locations on earth that are distinguished by its physical/human characteristics.

Sense of place

emotion attached to an area based on personal experience.

Mental map

map in your head based on place you've been a lot

Site factor

Places absolute location/physical characteristics. Landforms

Situation factor

places location in relation to other places or surrounding features. Transport routes

Density

of things in specific area population

Pattern

how things are arranged in a particular space

Environmental determinism

HUman behavior is largely controlled by the physical environment

Possibilism

People have the ability to adjust to their environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives in the physical environment;

Sustainability

Use of earth features/resource that ensure they’ll be available in future

Distance Decay

Key principle that describes the effect of distance on interaction. Less distance=less interaction

Friction of distance

Distance requires time, effort, and cost to overcome

Time space compression

Processes causing the relative distance between places to shrink. Airplanes

Scale

Area of world being studied

Local scale

Specific smaller details like neighborhoods, counties, and towns. Details not shown at regional scale.

Regional

detailed knowledge has one or more characteristics in common

National

Focus on entire country. Ex: U.S

Region

Area with certain characteristics that make it diff from other areas. Serve as an organizing tool

Formal Region

Area 1 or more shared traits. Ex: Mt range, climate area, desert,

Functional

Area organized by its function Ex: subway routes, pizza delivery

Perceptual/Vernacular

Region reflects peoples opinions. Ex: Midwest/ South

Transitional Region

Regions shift and blend gradually

Contested boundary

People or countries disagree on where a region ends/begins Ex: Kashmir

Overlapping

A place may belong to multiple regions at once Ex; Turkey belongs to Europe, Middle East, and Asia

Node

focal point of functional region.

Globalization

Expansion of economic, cultural, and political processes on a worldwide scale

USMCA

U.S. Mexico, Canada, agreement.

NAFTA

North A free trade agreement, trade+work can happen between these 3 countries.

EU

European Union, Goods+ people to easily pass country to country.

Wallerstein World Theory

Spatial/functional real between countries in the world economy. Explains why certain regions have held onto political/economical power over time. The history of uneven economic development and reasons why.

Core

Highly developed+interconnected countries w good transportation, communication net, infrastructure supports economic activity

Periphery

Less stable gov/poorer services, less connected than core country, less developed country

Semi

Both core and periphery processes

Small scale map

Show large area (worldwide) with small amount of data, zoomed out

Large scale map

Show a small area (state) with a large amount of data.

Geographic location

Any data with a location tied to it

Methods

Ask questions, collect data, visualize organize with visuals, create a story answering the question, act share.

Quantitative

information collected in #’s

Qualitative

Interpretations of data

Census

count of ppl in an area done every 10 yrs

GIS

Geographic information systems are development of mapping software systems, captures: stores: organizes: and displays the geographic information.

Remote sensing

Geospatial data collected w/o contact/remotely

GPS

Satellite that sends geographic data to your phone.

Absolute distance

Distance can be measured using standard unit of measurement

Relative distance

measured in other terms of other criteria like time/money. Ex:7 hours from NY to Paris

Absolute direction

N,S,E,W

Relative direction

left, right, up down, front, behind, based on people perceptions

Map scale

mathematical relationship between size+part of world it shows

3 way map scale expressed

fraction/ratio, written scale, graphically

Maps

all maps are distorted

Mercator

Advantages: show true direction, good for navigation purposes Disadvantages: sizes are very distorted especially near the poles

Gall peters

show true direction, area is relatively precise. D: shape distorted continents very long

Robinson

globe like appearance "realistic" D: inaccurate measurements, extreme distortion at poles, compressed near equator

Azimuthal

Preserves direction D: distorts shape and area only shows ½ of earth

Reference map

Generalized sources of geographic data and focus on location. absolute location w latitude and longitude. Ex: streets+general city features

Thematic map

a theme/purpose and focus on relationship among data, distribution, connection, or relationship w 1 or more thing. Ex: spread of disease/trade

Isoline Map: Lines connect data points. Used to show particular characteristics of an area. Ex: heat and blobs, similar surface temperatures

Graduated symbol map

Quantitative data. circles/icons=number values based on size. Showing population. Ex: bigger data=big circle, earthquake magnitude.

Cartogram Map

relative size of an area based on particular attributes. Ex: weird shape map, population/energy consumption

Dot map

Show locations of specific things or events. Statistics Ex: cholera map, crimes, births.

Choropleth Map

Represent categories of data for predetermined data, quantitative data. Ex: Uses diff colors, voting results.

Geo data influence persons life

where to live

Geo data influence business

review data on customers

Open street map

a network for map making. Maintains data about streets.

Arithmetic

total population divided by land area (sq miles)

Physiological

total pop divided by arable land (farm land)

Agricultural

farmers divided by arable land

Population distribution

average 3 of people per unit of land area, spread of people in an area

Ecumene

habitable land already established

Population clusters

Heavily pop areas= show unevenness

Metacities

More than 2 mill people

Megacities

more than 10 million people

Developed countries

Highly advanced economies, core countries, high levels of mechanization, less farmers, more output.

Developing countries

low standard of living, undeveloped industrial, semi peripheral.

Low developed countries

low level of technology, farming by hand=more farmers, low output, low money

Population density

Amount of people in an area

Primary sector

Earth/farm

Secondary sector

Manufacturing/construction

Tertiary sector

service for others, lawyers.

Snow belt

states in north/midwest

Sun belt

states in coastal areas+south/southwest

Carrying capacity

of people that can be supported by the enviro w/o damaging enviro

HIgh pop density

Many people in small area leads to pressures on the arable land, water, resources, and food supply,

Dependency ratio

of people in dependent age group divided by the # of people in the working age group multiplied by 100. Under 15 over 65

Groups on pop pyramid

cohorts

High dependency ratio

of people not working, income. Working population pays more taxes

Silent/greatest generation

1928 to 1945, end of WWII, relatively small, value hard work

Baby boomers

1946 to 1965, after WWII gov encouraged to have families=lots of babies. Causes echo

Gen X

1966 to 1980, prime working, tolerant in religious, cultural, etc, more than 65 mill in world

Millennials

1981 to 1996, 72 mill, better educated than others, financial crisis

Gen Z

1997 to 2012, current high skl. Experienced covid, most educated gen

Gen Alpha

2013 to 2024, too early to tell