Readings in Philippine History PRELIMS

History

Derived from the Greek word: Historia - knowledge acquired

through inquiry or investigation

History

In Latin: Historia - Became known as the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidence

History

is from historia means learning of human past.

History

is the reconstruction of the past.

PAST

• Everything that has happened from the beginning of time until the present

• Completed and can never be changed

  History

• An explanation of the past

• An ongoing discussion of trying to explain the past and is open to change and revision

Difference Between the Past and History

History

can be defined/viewed in various ways. It is a liquid, since it takes the shape of the minds where it is poured

History as science

• own techniques to establish and interpret facts

• Uses scientific method of inquiry

• Systematic, sequential, and logical

History as an art

• Literary and artistic in its presentation

• ability to conclude/deduce lost pieces of history to establish a historical fact or event.

History as both science and art

Unitary view of knowledge and emphasize its essential unity (their essentiality is what connects them)

Historiography

Study of historian’s methods and practices in writing history

Historiography

It was introduced by Dr. Zeus Salazar (Father of Pantayong Pananaw)

Historiography

aims to be a guiding philosophy for writing and teaching history in the country

Historian

refers to the person writing the history

Period

Location where the history was written

Place

Location where the history was written

Sources

refers to the basis of claims/analysis of the historian such as documents, written or oral accounts

1. Enables individuals to understand the contemporary world since the present is the manifested outcomes of the past events.

2. Deals with the narratives of human civilizations, but is not static. It reveals various social context and ideas of each period.

3. Assesses the interaction between human civilizations and the forces that led to its sudden development.

4. Values the process of human development in time, thus focuses on human civilizations and their time.

5. The historian’s careful analysis, not just narration, of the past’s crucial events and phenomena.

6. Discussed only events which have relevance and purpose for the contemporary times.

7. Considers continuity and coherences as essential elements in studying the narratives of human civilizations.

8. Characterized by a dialogue between the past and emerging future.

9. Tackles every aspect of human life, thus has the quality of being comprehensive

10. Multisided in nature which means the discipline should be viewed using different lenses of the societal forces.

Discipline’s Nature

Primary sources

Refers to written or recalled by an eyewitness or with direct participation in that event

Primary Sources

Photograph, Old sketches & drawing, Old maps, Memoirs, Cartoons for political expression or propaganda, Oral history/recording, Statistical tables, Published and unpublished, Letters Diaries/ Journal Transcripts of Interview Autobiographies and speeches

Secondary Source

Made by individuals who analyzed and interpreted the primary source

Secondary Source

Books, article, scholarly journals, biography, reference books, newspaper, Literature review, review article, and bibliographies

Repositories

is a place or container where things are stored, or a person who has a lot of information.

Archives

is an accumulation of historical records or materials, in any medium, or the physical facility in which they are located.

Historical Revisionism

It seeks for the truth and light of the historical records and aims to have new facts and interpretations of events of the past.

Historical Distortion

It changes and falsifies the historical records for a personal pursuit.

Historical Criticism

It evaluates the ancient text to assess its credibility and authenticity of its content through internal and external criticism.

Historicism

methodical or analytical approach to observing history “as it is”. Doesn’t judge the event that transpire.

Historical Awareness

A universal psychological attribute arising from our innate desire to to explain the origin of present circumstance and represents our personal understanding of the past

Historical Awareness

requires an individual to judge and interpret the past based on its respective standard:

• acquire strong sense of zeitgeist and historical process recognition

Social Memory

Refers to how society remembers its past

Social Memory

Never tantamount to Historical awareness

Social Memory

It is a distorted historical narrative established to uphold and strengthen societies

Historical Knowledge

knowledge is formulated through biased treatment of the past

• Tradition

• Nostalgia

• Progress

Elements Distorting Historical Knowledge

Tradition

An assumption that elements established in the past serve as an authoritative guide for the present to follow

Nostalgia

A backward-looking treatment of historical change, interpretation that history evolved negatively

Progress

Fundamental to modernity, it treats the past as an inferior element to the present.

Propaganda

It is the dissemination of facts, arguments, rumors, or lies to influence public opinion

Propaganda

Mode of communication that is used to manipulate/influence the opinion of groups to support a cause/belief

Maria Rosa Henson

She is the first Filipina comfort woman to share her brutal experience under Japanese

Historical Objectivity

Guides historians to treat and process their historical data in the highest extent of Impartiality

Impartiality

crucial element that means to avoid taking sides or making judgements

• Political History

• Biography

• Social history

• Economic History

• World history

• Transnational History

• Local History

• Total History

• Big History

• Cultural History

Branches of history

Political history

study aspects of past that deals with organization and power

Biography

study of narratives of individuals

Social History

study narratives of society as a whole such as everyday life at home, workplace, and the community

Economic History

Study of Earthly necessities

World History

Tells about the rise of societies, emergence of nations, until the age of globalization

Transnational History

It narrates events beyond borders and political jurisdictions

Local history

Narrative of the common people from the local scale

Total History

Interplay of all aspects of human civilization in the long and medium term

Big History

Historical event follow a pattern “chain of events”

Cultural History

entering minds of populace in the creation of historical narrative

Primary Source

any materials or objects; photograph, written, the object itself made or present during the exact period of historical event.

Author source

is a primary witness of the event.

Oral History

extracting information from elderlies or direct witnesses through interviewextracting information from elderlies or direct witnesses through interview

Secondary Source

Any printed or motion picture materials that are created using the primary sources

• Deliberate

• Inadvertent

• Documents

• Relics

Types of Primary Source

Deliberate

The possessor intentionally preserves or records sources for the sake of future generation

Inadvertent

The possessor unintentionally lefts sources but are also helpful for historians

Documents

first division wherein it includes the reports of the past events as perceived by the human brain

Relics

second division wherein it includes physical objects or written materials produced without the aim to impart information

• National Library of the Philippines

• National Archives of the Philippines

• Lopez Museum and Library

• American Historical Collection

• Diliman Main Library

• De La Salle Univiersity the Marcelino A. Foronda Jr. Center ffor Local and Oral History

• University of Santo Tomas Miguel de Benavides Library

Repositories of Primary and Secondary Sources

External & Internal Criticism

it refers to the purpose or abjective of criticism and not the method or procedure in dealing with the sources

External Criticism

Also known as “Lower Criticisms”

External Criticism

process of knowing the authenticity of the evidence ny examining its “physical characteristics, consistency with the historical characteristic of the time it was produced, and the materials used for the evidence

Internal Criticism

Also known as “Higher Criticisms”

Internal Criticism

Process focuses on the credibility, validity, and worth of the material’s content

Internal Criticism

Looks at the source of the author, context, agenda behind the creation, knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose

• History is a discipline that can be defined and viewed in various ways. It is both an art and science, as it employs scientific methods in data gathering and analysis and is literary and artistic in presentation

• Historiography refers to the study of historians' methods and practices in writing history.

• Each generation has provided their own version of history or perception of the past

• The primary concern of historians is to provide an almost crystal understanding of the past disengaged from their biases and prejudices

• Every aspect of human civilization falls on the jurisdiction of historical study

• In writing history, sources of data may be classified into two main groups: primary sources. “which are the life-blood of historical research,” and secondary sources, which are used in the absence of, or to supplement, primary data

• Most historical materials are found in archives and libraries, and can be also access on digital archives libraries.

• External and internal criticism refers to the purpose or objective of criticism and not method or procedure in dealing with the sources – determining the geniuses of historical materials

• Positivism

• Annales school

• Marxist history

• The new social history

• Post-colonialism

• Cultural history

• Intellectual history

• Political history

Schools of historical thought

Positivism

Dictates that without documents, there is no history.

Annales school

Known for using geography for setting historical scene.

Marxist history

Often focuses on the clash between classes.

The new social history

Dives into history from below everyday life.

Post-colonialism

Manifests how the colonized fought the colonizers.

Cultural history

Incorporates anthropology and linguistics to enter the minds of the past.

Intellectual history

Discussed the history of ideas and other methods of writing history.

Political history

Concentrates on great events and people of the political landscape.