CHAPTER 28

Gametes

The male and female reproductive cells.

Gonads

The organs that produce gametes; the testes in males and ovaries in females.

Ovaries

The female gonads that produce eggs.

testes

male gonads that produce sperm

structures of male reproductive system consist of

testes, duct system, accessory glands, and penis

three structures that comprise the male reproductive duct system

epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra

which structure in the male reproductive system is also part of the urinary system

urethra

in what structure is the testes located

scrotum, which keeps them cool and protects their function.

what is the name of the layer of smooth muscle in the dermis of the scrotum, that during rested muscle tone elevates the testes and causes wrinkling of the scrotal surface

dartos muscle

what is the function of the cremaster muscle

The cremaster muscle raises and lowers the testes to regulate temperature for optimal sperm production.

sperm production occurs in which tubules located in the lobules of the testes

seminiferous tubules

what androgens do interstitial endocrine cells (leydig cells) produce

testosterone and androstenedione

what male reproductive structures acts as a recycling center for damaged sperm and stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation

The epididymis

what is the function of the ductus deferens

transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

which glands produce most of the volume of semen

Seminal vesicles and prostate gland

function of the prostate gland

produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm, contributing to semen volume and enhancing sperm motility.

prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate gland

function of the bulbo-urethral gland

produces a clear, viscous fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes acidity, aiding sperm passage.

spermatogenesis occurs where

testes

hormones from what control male reproductive functions

hypothalamus and pituitary gland and testes

what does mitosis produce

two identical daughter cells

what does meiosis produce

four genetically varied gametes

how many pairs of chromosomes are in somatic cells

23 pairs of chromosomes

soma means

body

diploid cells

cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n=46)

haploid cells

cells that contain a single set of unpaired chromosomes (n=23)

homologous chromosomes

same chromosomes/genes but from different parents

reductional division

the type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes, resulting in haploid cells, typically seen in meiosis.

what occurs during crossing over

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.

equational division

the type of cell division that maintains the chromosome number, resulting in daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, typically seen in meiosis II.

spermatogenesis

process of sperm formation

spermatogonia

stem cells in the seminiferous tubules that undergo cell divisions throughout adult life

what cells which are known as sertoli cells, play a critical supportive role in spermatogenesis

nurse cells

what is capacitation

the final maturation step in sperm that enhances fertilization ability.

what organelle is located in the head of the sperm

acrosome

what is located in the acrosome of sperm

enzymes essential to fertilization

when gonadotropin releasing hormone is released, it stimulates the secretion of which hormones from the pituitary

luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

what hormone is released in response to the release of luteinizing hormone

testosterone

what type of cancer is the second most lethal cancer in males

prostate cancer

what do elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels indicate

the presence of prostate cancer

structures of female reproductive system include

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia

function of the broad ligament

to support the uterus and other reproductive organs by anchoring them to the pelvic wall.

infundibulum of the fallopian tube

the funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tube that helps to capture the egg released from the ovary.

fimbriae of the fallopian tube

finger-like projections that help guide the released egg into the fallopian tube.

although ovarian cancer is not the most common cancer, it is the most dangerous. Why?

it goes undetected in its early stages because there are no symptoms

where does fertilization usually occur in the fallopian tube

near the boundary between the ampulla and isthmus

which cells in the fallopian tube secrete a fluid that both completes the capacitation of sperm and supplies nutrients to sperm and the pre-embryo

Secretory cells of the epithelium

4 anatomical regions of the uterus

fundus, body, cervix, and isthmus.

which screening test is used for early detection of cervical cancer

pap smear

three layers of the uterus from superficial to deep

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

which layer of the endometrium undergoes cyclical changes in response to sex hormone levels

functional layer

which uterine layer is sloughed off or shed during menstruation

basal layer

which female reproductive structure forms the inferior portion of the birth canal, through which the fetus passes during delivery

cervix

vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina

what is the vulva

The external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.

small rounded tissue projection that is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males is called

the clitoris.

which glands produce milk to nourish an infant

The mammary glands.

what is lactation

The process of producing and releasing milk from the mammary glands to feed an infant.

which type of cancer is a malignant metastasizing tumor of the mammary gland

Breast cancer.

oogenesis

The process of egg cell development in the ovaries, involving the maturation of ovarian follicles and the production of ova.

at what stage of female development do reproductive stem cells called oogonia undergo mitosis, producing diploid primary oocytes

Oogenesis during fetal development.

what is the ovarian cycle

The series of monthly changes in hormone levels and ovarian activity that regulate the release of eggs and prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy.

thecal endocrine cells and granulosa cells work together to form which hormones

estrogens and progesterone

what is the corona radiata

The layer of cells surrounding an oocyte that provides nutrients and support during its development.

secondary oocyte remains in which phase and stage of meiosis until it is either fertilized by sperm or it disintegrates

metaphase stage of meiosis II

what steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum prepares the uterus for pregnancy

progesterone

what structure is formed by the degeneration of the corpus luteum

the corpus albicans

what is a menarche

the first occurrence of menstruation in a female.

what occurs during the menstrual phase

The menstrual phase involves the shedding of the uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding.

dymenorrhea

painful menstruation characterized by severe cramps and discomfort.

estrogens secreted by the developing ovarian follicles stimulate and sustain which phase of the uterine cycle

proliferative phase

in females, circulating levels of which hormones primarily control changes in gonadotropin releasing hormone pulse frequency

Estrogen and progesterone.

on or around day 14 of the ovarian cycle, a massive surge in which hormone triggers ovulation

luteinizing hormone (LH)

which hormones maintain female secondary sex characteristics, such as body hair distribution and the location of adipose tissue deposits

Estrogens and androgens.

which nervous system influences male and female sex function

autonomic nervous

inability to contract the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongious muscles would interfere with which part of the sex act

erection and ejaculation process

primary danger of contracting zika virus

transmission of birth defects, such as microcephaly, to unborn children.

what genus of bacteria can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility

chlamydia

condition that occurs when one or both testes have not descended into the scrotum by the time of birth

cryptorchidism

orchiectomy

surgical removal of one or both testicles.

what is andropause in males

decline in testosterone in males

menopause

the natural cessation of menstruation and fertility in women, typically occurring in middle age.

increases in body temperature called hot flashes experienced by perimenopausal women are due to surges in which hormone

estrogen levels during hormonal fluctuations.

what is a zygote

A fertilized egg formed by the union of a sperm and an ovum, which develops into an embryo.