Chapter 17 : Taxonomy Unit 4

What is the language used for scientific names?

Latin

How did early people classify plants?

Based on whether they were toxic or edible.

According to Aristotle, how did he classify animals?

Based on their habitat.

What are the three groups Aristotle classified plants into?

Based on size, structure, and habitat.

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

What distinguishes protists from bacteria?

Protists have organized nuclei while bacteria do not.

What is a characteristic of eubacteria?

They are prokaryotic and can be unicellular or multicellular.

What is a structure in some bacteria that is resistant to adverse environmental factors?

Endospore.

Which bacteria is known to cause tooth decay?

Streptococcus.

What is the method of obtaining food for fungi?

Absorption.

What is the body form of fungi?

Multicellular.

What is the significance of classification in biology?

It helps in understanding the relationships and characteristics of different organisms.

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and complex organ systems, while eukaryotic cells have them.

What is the role of bacteria in the food industry?

They are used in fermentation and food production.

What is the classification hierarchy starting from kingdom?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

What is a derived trait?

Characteristics inherited through one ancestral line and no other.

What are the two main types of bacteria?

Eubacteria and Archaea.

How can you differentiate between fungi and spiderwebs microscopically?

Fungi are cellular while spiderwebs are not.

What is the primary characteristic of the kingdom Animalia?

Organisms are multicellular and heterotrophic.

What is the importance of understanding the characteristics of the six kingdoms?

It provides insights into the diversity of life and evolutionary relationships.

What does the term 'eukaryote' refer to?

Organisms with complex cells that contain a nucleus.

What is the function of classification in biology?

To organize and categorize organisms based on shared characteristics.

What is the primary method of obtaining food for plants?

Photosynthesis.

What is the process that brings about an exchange of genetic information between bacterial cells?

Conjugation

What type of organism is Escherichia coli classified under?

Eubacteria

What type of virus infects bacterial cells?

Bacteriophage

In Linnaeus' classification system, what is used to determine relationships among organisms?

Similarities in structure

What is the evolutionary history of a species called?

Phylogeny

What does a dichotomous key help identify?

Organisms using a series of paired descriptions

In the name Quercus alba, what does 'Quercus' represent?

The genus name

What is the classification of organisms based on their similarities called?

Classification

What type of eukaryote is associated with the decomposition of dead organisms?

Heterotrophic eukaryote

What is the term for a group of related classes of plants?

Division or Phylum

What is the significance of a fan diagram in classification?

It shows the evolutionary relationships and timing of species appearance.

What is the primary characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

They lack a nucleus.

What are the two main types of prokaryotic organisms?

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms are made up of multiple cells.

What does the term 'chemosynthesis' refer to?

The process by which certain organisms obtain energy from chemical compounds.

What is the classification system that uses two words to name a species called?

Binomial nomenclature

What is the role of dust and volcanic ash in the context of human evolution?

They provide geological evidence and influence environmental conditions.

What is the relationship between a phylum and a class in biological classification?

A phylum is a higher taxonomic rank than a class.

What is the primary method of reproduction for bacteria?

Binary fission.

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

They have a nucleus and complex organ systems.

What is the primary method of food acquisition for plants?

Photosynthesis.

What is the significance of complex organ systems in multicellular organisms?

They allow for specialization and efficient functioning of the organism.

What is the term for organisms that can utilize harmful substances?

Toxic organisms.

What environmental factors are speculated to influence human evolution?

Cool, dry grassland and the deposition of dust and silica.

How long ago did human evolution occur according to the notes?

Approximately 2.8 million years ago.

What type of ash is mentioned as significant in the context of human evolution?

Volcanic ash from the Rift Valley.

What is the science of grouping and naming organisms called?

Taxonomy.

What do organisms that are similar in structure and can reproduce among themselves belong to?

The same family.

What method is used to construct a hypothetical evolutionary tree?

Cladistics.

What does the presence of volcanic ash help trace in human evolution?

It helps in correlating the timeline of human evolution with geological events.

What technique is used to compare DNA of different species?

The hybrid DNA technique involving the labeling of single strands of DNA.

What happens to hybrid DNA with a high proportion of matched sequences when heated?

It melts at higher temperatures than that with a low proportion of matched sequences.

How can you test a hypothesis using the hybrid DNA technique?

By mixing labeled, single-stranded DNA from one group with unlabeled DNA from another and measuring the proportion of matched sequences.

What hypothesis can be formed about the relationship among bird groups A, B, and C?

Birds in group A are more closely related to birds in group C and should be classified together.

What would you expect to find in terms of radioactivity levels at different temperatures for hybrid DNA?

Higher radioactivity levels at 85°C due to a higher proportion of matched sequences.

What is the significance of the number of taxa two organisms have in common?

The greater the number of taxa, the more closely related the organisms are.

What is the role of grasses in the context of human evolution?

Grasses provided structural materials for tissues over many years.

What is the importance of ocean-bottom core samples in tracing human evolution?

They provide geological evidence that correlates with the timeline of human evolution.

What does the term 'taxonomy' refer to in biology?

The classification and naming of organisms.

What is the expected outcome when mixing labeled and unlabeled DNA strands?

The formation of hybrid DNA consisting of one labeled and one unlabeled strand.

What is the relationship between the melting temperature of hybrid DNA and the proportion of matched sequences?

Higher proportion of matched sequences results in a higher melting temperature.

What is the significance of the dust and silica deposits mentioned in the notes?

They indicate environmental conditions that may have influenced human evolution.

What is the relationship between the evolutionary tree and cladistics?

Cladistics is the method used to construct the evolutionary tree.

How does the presence of volcanic ash contribute to understanding human evolution?

It provides geological context that can be correlated with human evolutionary timelines.

What is the expected result of filtering hybrid DNA at different temperatures?

Single strands of DNA will pass through at higher temperatures, indicating melting.

What are three advantages of using scientific names for organisms?

Latin scientific names are recognized globally, avoid confusion from multiple common names, and reflect relationships and classification of organisms.

On what basis can members of one kingdom be distinguished from those of another?

Differences in cellular characteristics and methods of obtaining food.

What was one shortcoming of Aristotle's classification system?

It didn't account for animals living in two environments and failed to show natural relationships among organisms.

In what way are bacteria and many protists alike?

They are unicellular.

In what way are fungi and plants alike?

Both are eukaryotic organisms.

How does Table 17-2 indicate that a dog is more closely related to a red fox than to a house cat?

Dogs and red foxes share the same family, while dogs and cats do not, despite all sharing the same kingdom, phylum, class, and order.

At what level does the relationship between gophers and house cats diverge?

They diverge at the order level.

From Table 17-2, which two animals are most closely related?

The dog and the wolf, as they share the greatest number of classification levels, differing only at the species level.

What is the complete classification of Vulpes velox?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Carnivora; Family: Canidae; Genus: Vulpes; Species: V. velox.

What kind of animal is Vulpes velox? How do you know?

It is a species of fox, as it belongs to the same genus as the red fox, Vulpes fulva.

What control could you devise based on Figure 17-2?

Mixing labeled DNA from birds in group A with unlabeled DNA from birds in the same group.

Which hybrid DNA in Figure 17-2 would melt at a lower temperature when heated?

Hybrid A.

Which hybrid DNA in Figure 17-2 was formed by DNA from two closely related organisms?

Hybrid B.

What are the independent and dependent variables in your experiment based on Figure 17-2?

Independent variable: mixing labeled DNA from birds in group A with unlabeled DNA from birds in group C; Dependent variable: proportion of matched sequences in the hybrid.

Make a list of the taxonomic categories in order from largest to smallest, including groups below the level of species.

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, subspecies, varieties, forms, cultivars.

What is the language used for scientific naming?

Latin.

What are the characteristics of derived traits?

They are traits that evolve in a particular lineage and are not present in the ancestors.

What is the significance of behavioral traits in classification?

Behavioral traits can indicate evolutionary relationships and adaptations.

What is the classification of the house cat?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Carnivora; Family: Felidae; Genus: Felis; Species: F. domesticus.

What is the classification of the red fox?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Carnivora; Family: Canidae; Genus: Vulpes; Species: V. fulva.

What is the classification of the dog?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Carnivora; Family: Canidae; Genus: Canis; Species: C. familiaris.

What is the classification of the wolf?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Carnivora; Family: Canidae; Genus: Canis; Species: C. lupus.

What is the classification of the gopher?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Rodentia; Family: Geomyidae; Genus: Thomomys; Species: T. bottae.

What is the classification of the house fly?

Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Arthropoda; Class: Insecta; Order: Diptera; Family: Muscidae; Genus: Musca; Species: M. domestica.