Latin Subjunctive Mood and Conditional Sentences

Vocabulary flashcards covering Latin verb conjugations in the subjunctive mood and conditional sentence structures.

Active Present Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing present active subjunctive forms for all five conjugations: vocem/vocēs/vocet…, teneam/teneās/teneat…, mittam/mittās/mittat…, audiam/audiās/audiat…, capiam/capiās/capiat…

Passive Present Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing present passive subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocer/vocēris/vocētur…, tenear/teneāris/teneātur…, mittar/mittāris/mittātur…, audiar/audiāris/audiātur…, capiar/capiāris/capiātur…

Active Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing imperfect active subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocārem/vocārēs…, tenērem/tenērēs…, mitterem/mitterēs…, audīrem/audīrēs…, caperem/caperēs…

Passive Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing imperfect passive subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocārer/vocārēris…, tenērer/tenērēris…, mitterer/mitterēris…, audīrer/audīrēris…, caperer/caperēris…

Active Perfect Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing perfect active subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocāverim/vocāverīs…, tenuerim/tenuerīs…, mīserim/mīserīs…, audīverim/audīverīs…, cēperim/cēperīs…

Active Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing pluperfect active subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocāvissem/vocāvissēs…, tenuissem/tenuissēs…, mīsissem/mīsissēs…, audīvissem/audīvissēs…, cēpissem/cēpissēs…

Passive Perfect Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing perfect passive subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocātus sim/sīs/sit…, tentus sim…, missus sim…, audītus sim…, captus sim…

Passive Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugation Table

Table showing pluperfect passive subjunctive forms across conjugations: vocātus essem/essēs/esset…, tentus essem…, missus essem…, audītus essem…, captus essem…

Latin Verb Tense and Mood in Conditional Sentences Chart

Chart detailing verb forms used for Simple (Present/Past), Future Vivid (More/Less Vivid), and Contrary-to-Fact (Present/Past) conditions in Latin.

Active Personal Endings

-ō / -m (I), -s (you), -t (s/he/it), -mus (we), -tis (y'all), -nt (they)

Passive Personal Endings

-r (I), -ris (you), -tur (s/he/it), -mur (we), -minī (y'all), -ntur (they)

Perfect Active Personal Endings

-ī (I), -istī (you), -it (s/he/it), -imus (we), -istis (y'all), -ērunt (they)

4 Principal Parts of mittō

mittō (1st p. s. pres. - I send), mittere (pres. inf. - to send), mīsī (1st p. s. perf. - I sent), missus (perf. pass. part. - having been sent)

Present Subjunctive Formation Rule

Present stem + vowel change + endings (mnemonic: wE bEAt A lIAr)

Imperfect Subjunctive Active Formation Rule

Present active infinitive + personal endings

Perfect Subjunctive Active Formation Rule

Perfect stem + erī + endings

Pluperfect Subjunctive Active Formation Rule

Perfect stem + isse + personal endings

Perfect Subjunctive Passive Formation Rule

Perfect Passive Participle (PPP) + present subjunctive of sum (sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint)

Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive Formation Rule

Perfect Passive Participle (PPP) + imperfect subjunctive of sum (essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent)

Indicative Mood in Conditional Sentences

Used when Roman authors wanted to make no implication about the likelihood of the condition being fulfilled.

Subjunctive Mood in Conditional Sentences

Used when the author wishes to suggest that fulfillment of the condition is unlikely or impossible.

Protasis

The if clause in a conditional sentence.

Apodosis

The main clause in a conditional sentence.

Pluperfect Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences

Used to refer to past time in conditional sentences (e.g., 'If I had listened…').

Imperfect Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences

Used to refer to present time, or to ongoing actions in the past.

Present Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences

Used to refer to future time in conditional sentences.

Simple Present Condition

Expresses a real present possibility using the present indicative tense in both clauses.

Simple Past Condition

Expresses a real past possibility using past indicative tenses in both clauses.

Future More Vivid Condition

Expresses a future condition with higher probability using future perfect and future tenses.

Future Less Vivid Condition

Expresses a future condition with lower probability using the present subjunctive tense.

Contrary-to-Fact Present Condition

Expresses an impossible or unfulfilled condition in the present using the imperfect subjunctive tense.

Contrary-to-Fact Past Condition

Expresses an impossible or unfulfilled condition in the past using the pluperfect subjunctive tense.

Pietās

The Roman virtue representing devotion, duty, and loyalty to family, state, and the gods.