World History

Three Branches of Government

Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces laws), Judicial (interprets laws).

Opponents of the Enlightenment

Absolute monarchs and churches who feared loss of power.

Enlightened despots

Rulers who accepted Enlightenment ideas but kept total control.

John Locke

Believed people have natural rights: life, liberty, property.

Voltaire

Supported free speech and religious tolerance.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed strong government needed to avoid chaos.

Montesquieu

Supported separation of powers.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed government comes from the people’s will.

Adam Smith

Supported free-market capitalism.

Denis Diderot

Edited the Encyclopedia.

Salons

Social gatherings to discuss Enlightenment ideas.

Encyclopedia

Collection of knowledge promoting Enlightenment thinking.

Laissez-faire

Government should not interfere in the economy.

Rococo

Decorative art style.

Baroque

Dramatic art style.

Heliocentric

Sun-centered universe.

Geocentric

Earth-centered universe.

Censorship

Government control of information.

Natural Laws

Rules that govern nature and society.

Natural Rights

Rights people are born with.

Social Contract

Agreement between people and government.

Causes of the French Revolution

Inequality, debt, Enlightenment ideas.

Results of the French Revolution

End of monarchy, rise of democracy, chaos.

Estates-General

Assembly of France’s three social classes.

First Estate

Clergy.

Second Estate

Nobility.

Third Estate

Common people.

Tennis Court Oath

Promise to write a constitution.

Bastille

Prison stormed to start the revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who ruled France.

Gained power / Lost power

Rose through army; defeated and exiled.

Important Battles of Napoleon

Austerlitz, Waterloo.

European empire under Napoleon

Controlled much of Europe.

Napoleonic Code

Equal laws for men, protected property.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror.

Jacobins

Radical revolutionaries.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Guaranteed freedoms and equality.

Reign of Terror

Mass executions of enemies.

Committee of Public Safety

Ran France during Terror.

National Assembly

Revolutionary government body.

Louis XVI

King executed in revolution.

Congress of Vienna

Restored order after Napoleon.

Guerrilla Warfare

Surprise attacks by small groups.

Scorched Earth

Destroy resources to stop enemy.

Factory Acts

Laws improving working conditions.

Smelting

Melting metal from ore.

Communist Manifesto

Book calling for workers’ revolution.

Proletariat

Working class.

Bourgeoisie

Owning class.

Karl Marx

Founder of communism.

Eli Whitney

Invented cotton gin.

James Watt

Improved steam engine.

Crop Rotation

Rotating crops to improve soil.

Cotton Gin

Machine that cleaned cotton faster.

Spinning Jenny

Spun thread quickly.

Flying Shuttle

Faster weaving tool.

Socialism

Government owns industry.

Goals of Communism

Classless, equal society.

Utilitarianism

Greatest good for greatest number.

Utopianism

Ideal perfect society.

Specialization

Workers focus on one task.

Positives of Industrial Revolution

More goods, jobs, innovation.

Growth of Cities

People moved for factory work.

Textile

Cloth or fabric.

Cottage System

Home-based production.

Why Britain first in Industrial Revolution

Resources, capital, technology.

Agricultural Revolution

Improved farming methods.

Opium War

War between Britain and China over trade.

Motives for Imperialism

Resources, power, markets.

Shaka Zulu

Zulu military leader.

Open Door Policy

Equal trade in China.

Boxers

Chinese anti-foreign rebels.

Indirect Control

Local leaders rule for empire.

Direct Control

Foreign officials rule colony.

Protectorate

Local rulers controlled by foreign power.

Sphere of Influence

Area controlled economically.

Colonies

Land controlled by another nation.

Darwinism

Survival of the fittest.

Social Darwinism

Applied Darwin to societies.

Paternalism

Empire claims to 'help' natives.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian revolt against Britain.

Berlin Conference

Divided Africa.

Suez Canal

Shortened sea route to Asia.

Motives for Imperialism

Economic, political, cultural.

Boer War

British fought Dutch settlers.

Missionaries

Spread religion.

Nationalism

Strong pride in one’s nation.

Militarism

Building military power.

Imperialism (WWI)

Competing for empires.

Alliance system

Countries promise defense.

Isolationism

Avoid foreign involvement.

League of Nations

Peace-keeping group.

Treaty of Versailles

Punished Germany.

U-boats

German submarines.

Zimmermann Note

Germany asked Mexico to attack U.S.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s invasion plan.

Pandemic

Widespread disease.

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s peace plan.

Propaganda

Biased information.