World History
Enlightenment & Government
Three Branches of Government – Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces laws), Judicial (interprets laws).
Opponents of the Enlightenment – Absolute monarchs and churches who feared loss of power.
Enlightened despots – Rulers who accepted Enlightenment ideas but kept total control.
John Locke – Believed people have natural rights: life, liberty, property.
Voltaire – Supported free speech and religious tolerance.
Thomas Hobbes – Believed strong government needed to avoid chaos.
Montesquieu – Supported separation of powers.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Believed government comes from the people’s will.
Adam Smith – Supported free-market capitalism.
Denis Diderot – Edited the Encyclopedia.
Salons – Social gatherings to discuss Enlightenment ideas.
Encyclopedia – Collection of knowledge promoting Enlightenment thinking.
Laissez-faire – Government should not interfere in the economy.
Rococo / Baroque – Decorative (Rococo) vs. dramatic (Baroque) art styles.
Heliocentric – Sun-centered universe.
Geocentric – Earth-centered universe.
Censorship – Government control of information.
Natural Laws – Rules that govern nature and society.
Natural Rights – Rights people are born with.
Social Contract – Agreement between people and government.
Chapter 18 – French Revolution & Napoleon
Causes of the French Revolution – Inequality, debt, Enlightenment ideas.
Results – End of monarchy, rise of democracy, chaos.
Estates-General – Assembly of France’s three social classes.
First Estate – Clergy.
Second Estate – Nobility.
Third Estate – Common people.
Tennis Court Oath – Promise to write a constitution.
Bastille – Prison stormed to start the revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte – Military leader who ruled France.
Gained power / Lost power – Rose through army; defeated and exiled.
Important Battles – Austerlitz, Waterloo.
European empire – Controlled much of Europe.
Napoleonic Code – Equal laws for men, protected property.
Maximilien Robespierre – Leader of the Reign of Terror.
Jacobins – Radical revolutionaries.
Bourgeoisie – Middle class.
Declaration of the Rights of Man – Guaranteed freedoms and equality.
Reign of Terror – Mass executions of enemies.
Committee of Public Safety – Ran France during Terror.
National Assembly – Revolutionary government body.
Louis XVI – King executed in revolution.
Congress of Vienna – Restored order after Napoleon.
Guerrilla Warfare – Surprise attacks by small groups.
Scorched Earth – Destroy resources to stop enemy.
Chapter 19 – Industrial Revolution
Factory Acts – Laws improving working conditions.
Smelting – Melting metal from ore.
Communist Manifesto – Book calling for workers’ revolution.
Proletariat – Working class.
Bourgeoisie – Owning class.
Karl Marx – Founder of communism.
Eli Whitney – Invented cotton gin.
James Watt – Improved steam engine.
Crop Rotation – Rotating crops to improve soil.
Cotton Gin – Machine that cleaned cotton faster.
Spinning Jenny – Spun thread quickly.
Flying Shuttle – Faster weaving tool.
Socialism – Government owns industry.
Goals of Communism – Classless, equal society.
Utilitarianism – Greatest good for greatest number.
Utopianism – Ideal perfect society.
Specialization – Workers focus on one task.
Positives – More goods, jobs, innovation.
Growth of Cities – People moved for factory work.
Textile – Cloth or fabric.
Cottage System – Home-based production.
Why Britain first – Resources, capital, technology.
Agricultural Revolution – Improved farming methods.
Chapter 24 – Imperialism
Opium War – War between Britain and China over trade.
Motives – Resources, power, markets.
Shaka Zulu – Zulu military leader.
Open Door Policy – Equal trade in China.
Boxers – Chinese anti-foreign rebels.
Indirect Control – Local leaders rule for empire.
Direct Control – Foreign officials rule colony.
Protectorate – Local rulers controlled by foreign power.
Sphere of Influence – Area controlled economically.
Colonies – Land controlled by another nation.
Darwinism – Survival of the fittest.
Social Darwinism – Applied Darwin to societies.
Paternalism – Empire claims to “help” natives.
Sepoy Rebellion – Indian revolt against Britain.
Berlin Conference – Divided Africa.
Suez Canal – Shortened sea route to Asia.
Motives – Economic, political, cultural.
Boer War – British fought Dutch settlers.
Missionaries – Spread religion.
Chapter 26 – World War I
Nationalism – Strong pride in one’s nation.
Militarism – Building military power.
Imperialism – Competing for empires.
Alliance system – Countries promise defense.
Isolationism – Avoid foreign involvement.
League of Nations – Peace-keeping group.
Treaty of Versailles – Punished Germany.
U-boats – German submarines.
Zimmermann Note – Germany asked Mexico to attack U.S.
Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s invasion plan.
Pandemic – Widespread disease.
Fourteen Points – Wilson’s peace plan.
Propaganda – Biased information.
Lusitania – Ship sunk by Germany.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand – His assassination started WWI.
New Weapons – Machine guns, gas, tanks.
Convoys – Protected ship groups.
British blockade – Cut off German supplies.
Assassination – Sarajevo, 1914.
Open Door trade policy – Free trade in China.
Trench – Dugout defense lines.
Trench warfare – Fighting from trenches.
Russia in WWI – Left after revolution.
U.S. in WWI – Joined in 1917.
Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary.
Allies – Britain, France, Russia.
Conscription – Military draft.
Chapter 28 – Totalitarianism
Bolsheviks – Communist revolutionaries.
Vladimir Lenin – Led Russian Revolution.
Joseph Stalin – Soviet dictator.
Adolf Hitler – Nazi dictator of Germany.
Benito Mussolini – Fascist leader of Italy.
Fascism – Extreme nationalism, dictatorship.
Nazism – German fascism with racism.
Communism – Classless society.
Cheka – Soviet secret police.
Neville Chamberlain – Supported appeasement.
Nonaggression Pact – Germany & USSR agreed not to fight.
Appeasement – Giving in to avoid war.
Lebensraum – Living space for Germans.
Weimar Republic – German democracy after WWI.
Chapter 29 – World War II
Battle of Britain – Air battle over Britain.
Allied Powers – U.S., Britain, USSR.
Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan.
Blitzkrieg – Lightning war.
Winston Churchill – British leader.
Convoys – Protected ships.
D-Day – Allied invasion of Normandy.
Europe First – Defeat Germany before Japan.
Holocaust – Genocide of Jews.
Invasion of Italy – Allies attacked Axis Italy.
Kristallnacht – Anti-Jewish attacks in Germany.
Pearl Harbor – Japan attacked U.S. base.
Lend-Lease Act – U.S. supplied Allies.
Luftwaffe – German air force.
Maginot Line – French defenses.
Manhattan Project – Built atomic bomb.
Operation Barbarossa – Germany invaded USSR.
Operation Sea Lion – Planned invasion of Britain.
Reasons for WWII – Treaty of Versailles, fascism.
Erwin Rommel – Desert Fox general.
Stalingrad – Turning point battle.
Harry S. Truman – Authorized atomic bomb.
V-E Day – Victory in Europe.
Yalta Conference – Postwar planning meeting.
Chapter 30 – Cold War
Mao Zedong – Communist leader of China.
Ronald Reagan – U.S. president during Cold War end.
John F. Kennedy – President during Cuban Missile Crisis.
Containment – Stop spread of communism.
Cuban Missile Crisis – Nuclear standoff in Cuba.
Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader during crisis.
38th Parallel – Divided Korea.
Berlin Wall – Divided East and West Berlin.
Solidarity – Polish anti-communist movement.
Pope John Paul II – Inspired resistance to communism.
Visits to Poland – Encouraged freedom and Solidarity.