Key Events and Figures in the Protestant Reformation

What was the original intent of indulgences?

Indulgences were intended to reduce the punishment for sins, allowing for a form of penance.

What was the actual practice of selling indulgences?

Indulgences were sold by Franciscan friars like John Tetzel to the Catholic Church in exchange for tithes.

Who was John Tetzel?

A Franciscan friar known for selling indulgences, which sparked Martin Luther's protests.

What did Martin Luther do on October 31, 1517?

He posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of a church in Wittenberg to protest Tetzel's preaching.

What were the main concerns expressed in Luther's Ninety-Five Theses?

Luther expressed concerns about the corrupt practices of the clergy and the ignorance of the laity regarding faith.

What are the key components of Luther's doctrine?

Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, and the belief in two valid sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist.

What does Sola Fide mean?

It means 'Faith Alone,' indicating that humans are justified by faith without the need for good works.

What does Sola Gratia mean?

It means 'Grace Alone,' signifying that salvation is an unearned gift from God, not merited by the sinner.

What is Sola Scriptura?

The belief that scripture alone conveys divine revelation.

What was the Diet of Worms?

An event where Martin Luther was questioned about his Ninety-Five Theses and given a chance to recant, which he refused.

What was the outcome of the Diet of Speyer?

It allowed each prince in the Holy Roman Empire to establish their own religion, reinstating the heresy of Luther.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

An agreement that allowed leaders of regions to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as their faith.

Who was Pope Leo X?

The pope from 1513-1521 who condemned 41 of Luther's theses and excommunicated him.

What was Exsurge Domine?

A papal bull issued by Pope Leo X against the errors of Martin Luther and his followers.

What was the Edict of Worms?

A decree that identified Martin Luther as a heretic.

How was Luther protected during his time in hiding?

He was protected by Duke Frederick of Saxony.

What was the German Peasant's Revolt?

A violent uprising in response to Luther's teachings, resulting in the deaths of over 100,000 people.

What does Cuius regio, eius religio mean?

It translates to 'whose realm, his religion,' indicating that the ruler of a region could determine its religion.

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

A reformer in Zurich, Switzerland, who set up reforms and removed images from churches.

What were John Calvin's beliefs?

He believed in predestination and established a theocracy in Geneva, regulating all aspects of civil life.

What was the significance of Calvin's 'Institutes of the Christian Religion'?

It outlined Calvin's theological beliefs and condemned the papacy and clerical celibacy.

What practices did Zwingli abolish in Zurich?

He banned religious music, abolished fast days, and denied the real presence in the Eucharist.

Who was John Knox?

A former Catholic priest who sought equality of all believers and brought Presbyterianism to Scotland.

What did John Knox believe about all believers?

He believed everyone was a presbyter (priest).

Which churches consider John Knox to be their father?

Reformed, Congregationalists, and Presbyterian churches.

Who was the central figure in the English Reformation?

King Henry VIII.

What was Henry VIII's family name?

Tudor.

How many wives did Henry VIII have?

Six.

Who was Catherine of Aragon?

A Spanish princess and the first wife of Henry VIII, whose marriage was annulled.

Who was the first born child of Henry VIII?

Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon.

Who was Anne Boleyn?

The second wife of Henry VIII, executed, and mother of Elizabeth.

What significant act did Elizabeth I enact in 1559?

The Elizabethan Settlement Act, establishing the Anglican Church.

Who was Jane Seymour?

The third wife of Henry VIII, who died during childbirth and gave birth to Edward VI.

What was the Act of Supremacy?

An act passed by Henry VIII that confirmed the separation of the Church in England from the Catholic Church.

What did the Act of Supremacy declare about the king of England?

It declared that the king is the head of the Church and can set doctrine without being a priest.

Who was St. Thomas More?

Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII, executed for not recognizing Henry VIII as the head of the Church.

What was the Thirty Years' War?

A conflict in Germany involving the House of Hapsburg and Protestant forces, marked by barbarity and civil war.

What did the Treaty of Westphalia accomplish?

It gave princes the power to choose their own religious confession and that of their subjects.

What was the main purpose of the Council of Trent?

To clarify church doctrine and respond to the theological questions raised by the Protestant Reformation.

What did the Council of Trent reaffirm?

All seven sacraments and the true presence of the Lord in the Eucharist.

What important texts were produced by the Council of Trent?

The Roman Catechism, the Roman Breviary, and the Roman Missal.

What is the Baroque Movement?

An artistic movement characterized by dramatic style in art, architecture, and music.

What did the Council of Trent address regarding clergy?

Issues related to simony, indulgences, and the requirement for seminary education for clergy.

What does the term 'Baroque' mean?

It means 'rough or imperfect pearl' and is associated with 'odd' in French.

What is the Tridentine Mass?

It is the Latin Mass that uses Latin throughout the service.

What direction must the priest face during the liturgy of the Eucharist?

The priest must face east.

What are the fruits (benefits) of the Enlightenment?

Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

Who was Galileo Galilei and what was his contribution?

He demonstrated that the Earth revolves around the sun, contradicting common thought and the creation story in scripture.

What is Deism?

A natural religion from the Enlightenment that believes God created the world but does not interfere with it.

What does Rationalism teach?

It teaches that only human reason, separated from religious belief, can bring people into the light of knowledge.

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A period in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when developments in various sciences transformed societal views about nature.

What were some causes and effects of the French Revolution?

Causes included loss of land and property, while effects included the overthrow of government, the Reign of Terror, and the execution of many, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette.

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlined individual rights.

What was the Civil Constitution of the Clergy?

It was a law that reorganized the Catholic Church in France, leading to conflicts between the church and the state.

What was the outcome of the concordat between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon?

It regulated the church's rights in France, allowing the pope to install new bishops without asking for the return of seized church property.

What happened when Pope Pius VII refused to annul Napoleon's marriage?

Napoleon seized the papal states, leading to Pope Pius VII excommunicating him.

What is meant by 'Incorruptible Saints'?

Saints whose bodies do not decompose after death.

What is the significance of the Miraculous Medal?

It features a large 'M' for Mary, with a cross above it and two hearts representing the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

Who was St. Bernadette Soubirous?

She was born in Lourdes and had an apparition of Mary in the grotto, where she said, 'Que soy era immaculada Concepciou'.

What was Kulturkampf?

Otto von Bismarck's campaign to celebrate German identity, viewing the church as an alien force.

What was the role of Pope Pius IX in Italian unity?

He worked against unity, fearing the church would become a prisoner to the Italian government.

What is Pope Pius IX known for?

He is known as the 'First modern pope', opposed dismantling the Papal States, and called the First Vatican ecumenical council.

What topics were discussed at the First Vatican ecumenical council?

Lay spirituality, devotional practices, and challenges posed by secular philosophies.

What titles are associated with Pope Pius IX?

Prisoner of the Vatican, longest reigning pope, beatified in 2000, last to reign over Papal States.

What did the Syllabus of Errors condemn?

Religious pluralism and the rights of the individual.

What new religious devotion did the pope promote during the Spiritual Renewal?

Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

What is Dei Filius?

A dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith that affirmed the existence of a personal God known by reason and through revelation, emphasizing no conflict between faith and reason.

What is Pastor Aeternus?

A constitution affirming papal primacy and infallibility.

What does 'Ex Cathedra' mean?

'From the chair,' referring to the pope's authority when teaching infallibly.

What is Papal Infallibility?

The doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher under certain conditions, cannot err in matters of faith or morals.

What does the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception affirm?

That Mary was redeemed from the moment of her conception and born 'full of grace,' completely free from original sin.

What are the two instances when Papal Infallibility has been spoken?

Mary's immaculate conception and Mary's bodily assumption into heaven.

What was the role of the Pope after Vatican I?

The official closing of Vatican I occurred 7 months after it opened, and the bishops never reconvened to discuss other agenda items.

What is the Universal Destination of Goods?

The principle that resources and material goods within society should be accessible to humanity as a whole rather than restricted to the private realm.

What did Rerum Novarum address?

The condition of labor, affirming the right to private property, condemning violent revolution and class warfare in communism, and defending workers' rights.

What is Capitalism?

An economic and sociopolitical system with limited governmental control, centered on the free market and emphasizing private property.

What is Communism?

A system involving government control of property, suppression of free speech and assembly, and oppression of religion in public life.

What is Socialism?

An economic and sociopolitical theory advocating for government or societal ownership and administration of production and distribution of goods.

What is Social Darwinism?

The application of Charles Darwin's theories to social realms, emphasizing the concept of survival of the fittest.

What were some results of the Industrial Revolution?

Increased production of goods, factories in new regions, expansion of the railroad system, and relocation of people.

What did Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum express about workers?

It defended their rights to a living wage and to unionize, and stated that the state can sometimes intervene in the economic sphere to defend workers.

What were the conditions of life for workers during the Industrial Revolution?

Miserable conditions with poor wages, long hours, exploitation, and few legal protections.

What is Lay Trusteeism?

A practice where laypersons hold legal title to church property, often leading to conflicts over church governance.

What is Nativism?

A political policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants.

What is a Parochial School?

A school operated by a church or parish, often providing religious education alongside standard curriculum.

What is the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?

A law that mandated religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians in Maryland.

What principles did Pope Leo outline regarding workers' rights?

Workers have a right to a fair wage, reasonable work hours, and safe working conditions; child labor should be strictly limited.

What rights do workers have according to Pope Leo's teachings?

Workers should be free to create unions and negotiate working conditions.

What is the primary responsibility of governments according to Catholic Social Teaching?

To serve the common good and protect basic human rights for all.

What does the principle of subsidiarity entail?

Society should provide services and enact laws at the lowest possible level of government.

List the seven principles of Catholic Social Teaching.

1. Life and dignity of the human person 2. Call to family, community and participation 3. Rights and responsibilities 4. Option for the poor and vulnerable 5. Dignity of work and the right of workers 6. Solidarity 7. Care for God's creation.

What document marked the beginning of the Church's modern social doctrine?

Rerum Novarum.

What issues does Rerum Novarum address?

Socialism and communism, rights of workers, dignity of work, common good, and the gap between rich and poor.

What is the significance of the encyclical 'Pacem in Terris'?

It addresses modern warfare and the rights of individuals in the context of peace.

What was the focus of the liturgical movement during Pope Pius X's time?

To recapture the simplicity and grandeur of worship in the Middle Ages.

What did Pope Pius XII's encyclical 'Divino Afflante Spiritu' allow?

It allowed for historical research in biblical studies.

What was the kerygmatic movement allied with?

The liturgical movement, both aimed for a renewed focus on Christ.

Who was John Carroll and what was his influence?

He was the first bishop of the US, a Jesuit priest who established schools and combatted lay trusteeism.

What was the Maryland Toleration Act?

It afforded religious liberty to Catholics in Maryland.

What was lay trusteeism in American Catholicism?

A practice where lay parishioners assumed administrative duties, including naming and dismissing pastors.