intermolecular forces - permanent dipole - permanent dipole interactions

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons to itself in a covalent bond

how are polar bonds forned

when a molecule has a slight negative and slight positive charge due to a difference in electronegativity between atoms

how do polar bonds lead to permanent dipoles

when the polarity of a molecule has one end with a slightly positive charge OVERALL and one end with a slightly negative charge OVERALL

why do permanent dipole - dipole interactions have a high mp

the electrostatic forces of attraction between these charges require a lot of energy to overcome

what conditions are needed for hydrogen bonds to form

• high electronegativity

• small atom

• lone pair of electrons directly bonded to hydrogen

what 3 elements need to be bonded to H to form hydrogen bonds

N,O,F ARE THE ONLY ELEMENTS THAT CAN FORM HYDROGEN BONDS WHEN BONDED TO A HYDROGEN