Psych-Exam 2 (Multiple choice)

This is based off of what the professor told us is on the exam

Sensation (the same for everyone)

The detection of physical energy or objects that are sensed by a sense organ

The five senses and their scientific meaning

Sight (Vision), Hearing (Audition), Smell (Olfaction), Taste (Gustation), Touch (Tactation)

Perception (subjective)

How we interpret or make sense of the things we are sensing.

Weber’s Law

difference threshold is proportionate to the original intensity of the stimulus. (Can change over time)

Selective attention

This happens when one is overwhelmed by unwanted stimuli. The focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment.

Inattentional blindness

failure to perceive something because you are not paying attention to it.

Synesthesia

Stimulation of one sense evokes a sensation in another (VERY rare)

Condition where someone can see sound, hear colors, or taste colors, etc.

Synesthesia. Can test for this. Nerves may be crossed or abnormally connected.

Absolute threshold

the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer. Can change over time. (50%)

Difference threshold

change in a stimulus that can barely be detected by an organism.

What does the cornea do?

protects the eye and bends light to the lens

What does the lens do?

focuses incoming light

What does the iris do? (colored part of eye)

controls the amount of light going into your eye. expands and contracts the pupil which blocks light.

What is the retina?

Neural tissue that lines the back of the interior eye. This contains rods and cones

What are rods?

receptors that respond to light brightness. They work better in the dark

What are cones?

receptors that respond to color. work better in the light

Fovea

The center of the retina (back of eye). there are only cones here

Dark adaptation

when you gradually see more and more things in the dark when you are in the dark for a longer period of time.

Ganglion cells

types of neurons in the retina that gather info from the rods and cones. They form the optic nerve

Optic nerve

Carries information from the eye to the thalamus to be processed and sent to the brain.

Binocular cues

Cues that require both eyes

Convergence (Binocular cue)

turning your eyes inward (cross eye)

Depth perception (Binocular cues)

messages from our bodies and environments that convey information about depth and distance

Retinal disparity (Binocular Cues)

The slight difference in lateral separation between two objects seen by the left and right eye. (Close one eye and focus on and object and switch)

Monocular cues

Cues which use one eye

Mueller-Lyer

When two lines of the same length are given opposite arrow end tips, one line appears longer

hair cells in ear are where?

The organ of corti

Cochlea

snail shaped fluid filled organ in the inner ear contains the organ of Corti where the receptors for hearing are located.

What is MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. A 500-question test, most reliable.

Jung

• believed there is a collective unconscious, shared memory bank inherited from ancestors. It contains things called archetypes

• he believed the main goal of personality development is self-realization or individuation

Archetypes

Universal symbols, themes, or images that appear across different cultures and myths.

Internal locus of control

Belief that one’s effort and decisions determine outcomes

External locus of control

Belief that luck, fate, and other people determine outcomes

Unconditional positive regard

Being genuine, open to experience, self-disclosing, and empathic. (Achieve our full potential)

Family studies

Starts with one person who has a trait of interest and examines the presence of the trait in first-degree, second-degree, and more distant relatives

Twin studies

Data from many pairs of twins are collected. Rates of similarity for identical and fraternal pairs are compared.

Adoption study

Compares biologically related people, including twins, who have been reared either separately or apart

The three divisions of twin studies

Heritability (Genetic Influence), Nonshared environment (Circumstances unique to the individual), Shared environment (parenting style).

Reciprocal Determination

Sensory deprivation

When one sense is taken away

Spinal Reflexes

A protective reflex that does not need to travel to the brain in order to be used. An example is pulling your hand away from a hot surface to avoid being burned.

Neurogenesis and where does it take place?

Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons (nerve cells) are formed in the brain. Neurogenesis occurs in only two areas of the CNS. The Olfactory Bulb and the Hippocampus.

Split brain

When the connection of the corpus callosum is damaged or severed it prevents the two halves of the brain from communicating.

Refractory period

After action potential the neuron enters a refractory period in which it cannot fire again.

Re-uptake

Neurotransmitters released into the synapse are reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron (neuron that fired it). This helps to clear out the synapse.

Efferent neuron

(E-Exit) Carries information from the brain to the muscles and glands.

Afferent neuron

(A- Arrive) Carries information from the sensory receptors TO the brain.

Excitatory charge

Increases the likelihood for the next neuron to have an action potential and fire neurotransmitter.

Inhibitory charge

Decreases the likelihood for the next neuron to have an action potential and fire neurotransmitter

Definition for thyroid gland

Affects metabolism

The Central Nervous System definition

CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It receives, processes, interprets, and stores sensory information such as:

-Hearing

-Seeing

-Touching

-Smelling

-Tasting

CNS sends messages to cells/organs/parts of the body.

CNS

Peripheral Nervous System definition

All of the nervous system EXCEPT the brain and spinal cord. All sensory and motor nerves. Sends information to the spinal cord and then brings messages back to muscles and organs from the brain.

PNS

Rogers ideal self

The person you would like to be. It’s your goals, ambitions, and the standards you set for yourself.

Rogers actual self

Who you actually are in the present moment—your actual thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.