HSA MA Notes Ch 10 Skeletal

Functions:

1. Supports the body

2. protects vital organs

3. provides a point for muscle attachment

4. gives shape to body

5. forms cells (rbcs, wbcs, platelets)

6. bones store calcium needed for heartbeat, muscle contraction and clotting

Osteoclasts vs Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts= break down + reabsorb old bone tissue

Osteoblasts= build new bone tissue

Divided into 2 main sections:

axial skeleton: spinal column, skull, and rib cage

appendicular skeleton: arms, hands, legs, feet, shoulders, pelvis

how many bones do babies got?

270-300

how many bones in an adult?

206

what makes up bones weight?

water(20% of weight), minerals (calcium, phosophate, magnesium) make up 2/3 of weight; 1/3 of weight is organic matter

spongy bone consists of:

red bone marrow

ends of long bones:

articular cartilage: located at point where 2 bones meet and allows for shock absorption+reduces friciton betw bones+since they are seperated by cartilage which also allow movement

spongy bone

makes up part of the shaft and the ends of the long bone; openings of pongy bone have red marrow inside

periosteum

covers surface of bone; blood vessels+nerves pass through this and into bone through a network called Haversian canals

yellow marrow/fat

inside of shaft of bone

dense bone

aka cortical bone; makes up the outer layer; made up calcium and phosphorus

structure of long bones

diaphysis: long middle part aka shaft

epiphysis: top and bottom w the spongy part in it

metaphysis: link betw diaphysis+epiphysis

growth of the long bones

early in life the ends of bones (epiphysis) are mostly cartilage; later the cartilage forms a thin layer that permits new tissue growth and bone length

vertebral bones are separated by:

intervertebral discs- made up of cartilage; permit the column to bend/twist and absorb shock received from walking, running, or jumping.

foramina

openings betw the vertebrae that allow spinal nerves to leave+enter the spinal cord

sections of vertebrae

Cervical: C1-C7

Thoracic: T1-T12

Lumbar: L1-L5

Sacrum: 1 bone but has 5 foramens

Coccyx: 2 bones

facial bones:

mandible (lower jaw); maxillae (upper jaw), zygomatic (cheek bones), also bones around eyes nose and palate

main bones of cranium

frontal (forehead+upper eye sockets), two parietal, two temporal, occipital (back of skull)

fontanels

soft spots where a baby’s bones have not fused yet

top 10 pairs of the ribs are attached by cartilage to the:

sternum (ANTERIORLY)

the bottom two pairs that are just attached to spinal column and not sternum are called:

floating ribs

first seven pairs of ribs are called:

true ribs` bc they use their own cartilage to connect to sternum

rest of the 5 pairs are called:

false ribs bc 8-10 use the cartilage of rib#7 to connect to sternum while ribs 11-12 dont even attach to sternum they js connect to spinal cord

xiphoid process

bottom portion of sternum; remember that the process means its a point of attachment so diaphgram attaches to back of xiphoid while rectus abdominis (six pack area) attaches to front of xiphoid

longest bone

femur

humerus

bone of arm

radius

bone connecting on thumb side

ulna

bone connecting to pinky side

how many carpal bones?

8

how many tarsal bones?

7

how many metatarsal/carpal bones

5

how many phalanges of toe bones and finger bones (for each hand/leg)

14

manubrium

trapezoidy middle part of sternum

diarthoris/synovial joint

fully movable; ex is knee/elbows

amphiarthorsis/cartilagenous joint

slightlymoveable; ex is where ribs attach to spine or betw vertebrae

synarthrosis/fibrous

immovable; ex is cranial

most of body’s joints are:

diaarthrotic

have 3 distinct parts: articular cartilage, bursa, synovial cavity (Lubricates joints and reduces friction)

types: ball and socket (hip/shoulder); hinge (fingers,knees, elbows); pivot (wrists/elbows)

greenstick fracture:

incomplete:the bone bends but doesn't break all the way

very common in children

closed (simple meaning bone breaks but skin doesnt)

2 types:

transverse: straight across bone

oblique: diagonal across bone

open (compound meaning bone AND skin breaks)

compound

communited

cracked fragments broken into bunch fo pieces

spiral

fracture spirals around bone; usually bc bone was twisted

depressed

like a dent usually found in skull

colles

fracture of radius; occurs when falling outward on outstretched hand

treatment for fractures

• Immobilize affected part

• Prevention of shock

• Treatment to realign:

- elevation

- splinting

- casting

- surgical repair