UPCAT REVIEWER CHEMISTRY

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/66

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

67 Terms

1
New cards
  • is the science that studies the properties, composition and structures of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Chemistry

2
New cards

Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry

Branches of Chemistry: (O I A B)

3
New cards

Organic Chemistry

  • deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

4
New cards

Analytical Chemistry

  • study of qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements and compounds.

5
New cards

Biochemistry

  • study of chemical reactions that happen within the biological processes

6
New cards

Inorganic Chemistry

  • study of all elements and compounds that aren’t organic compounds

7
New cards

PROPERTIES OF MATTER: (P C I E)

Physical
Chemical
Intrinsic/Intensive
Extrinsic/Extensive

8
New cards

Physical Properties

  • those that a substance shows by itself, without changing or interacting with another substance, e.g. color, melting point, and density

9
New cards

Chemical Properties

  • those that a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with another substance, e.g. flammability, corrosiveness

10
New cards

Intrinsic/Intensive Properties

  • independent of the amount of material, e.g. solubility, boiling point, density

11
New cards

Extrinsic/Extensive Properties

  • dependent on the amount of material, e.g. mass, weight, volume

12
New cards

Physical
Chemical

Changes in Matter: (P C)

13
New cards

Physical change

  • occurs when a substance alters its physical form, NOT its composition (melting, sublimation, evaporation, condensation, freezing, deposition)

14
New cards

Chemical Change

  • occurs when a substance is converted into a different substance (chemical reactions such as burning and oxidation)

15
New cards

Solid
Liquid
Gas

States of Matter:

16
New cards

Solid

  • has a fixed shape with particles close together and organized

17
New cards

Gas

  • conforms to container shape but fills the entire container and with particles far apart and disorganized.

18
New cards

Liquid

  • conforms to the container’s shape but fills the container only to the extent of the liquid’s volume with particles which are close together but disorganized.

19
New cards

Substances

  • Pure matter; composition same throughout; single phase

20
New cards

Elements
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids

  • ___substances made up of only one kind of atom

• ___ (electric conductors)

• ___ (non-conductors)

• ___ (semi-conductors)

21
New cards

Isotopes

  • elements w/ the same atomic number, different mass.

22
New cards

Noble Gases

  • All of them have completely filled electron shells. Since they have similar electronic structures, their chemical reactions are similar as well

23
New cards

Compounds

  • substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms; cannot be separated by physical means.

24
New cards

Mixtures
Heterogeneous
Homogenous
Colloids
Suspensions

_____ composed of two or more materials and can be separated by physical means

  • A. _____ mixture of substances of different phases

  • B. _____ composition is the same throughout
    • ______ composed of two phases of matter (dispersed and continuous phase)

    • ______ mixture of liquid and relatively large particles of solids.

25
New cards

Law of Definite

  • Composition states that a compound is formed by combining elements in ratios of simple whole numbers.

26
New cards

Law of Definite Proportion

  • states that every sample of a specific substance always contains the same proportion by mass of its components.

27
New cards

Law of Multiple Proportions

  • states that if two elements form multiple compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element combining with a fixed mass of the first elements will be in ratios of small whole numbers.

28
New cards

Chemical formula

  • formula that gives the number of atoms of each type in a molecule.

29
New cards

Ions
Cations
Anions

_____ are atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electric charge. _____ carry positive charges while _____ carry negative charges. Charges are determined by the number of electrons relative to the number of protons in an atom or a group of atoms.

30
New cards

Electrically neutral
Electrically positive
Electrically negative

________ if the number of protons (or atomic number) is equal to its number of electrons (p + =e-
________ if the number of electrons is less than its number of protons (e- < p+)
________ if the number of electrons is greater than its number of protons (e- > p +)

31
New cards

mole

  • amount of substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules or other particles as 12 grams of pure carbon- 12 atoms)

32
New cards

6.022 x 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number)

1 mole =

33
New cards

Stoichiometry

  • determination or measurement of chemical quantities; often involves conversion processes (examples of conversion processes: Celsius to Fahrenheit, peso to dollar).

34
New cards

Electronic Configuration
Energy level
Sublevel

  • ______ The arrangement of electrons of an atom in specific energy levels (shells) and orbitals (sublevels) around the nucleus.

  • ______ region in space where certain electrons are most likely found

  • ______ is a subdivision within an energy level that contains orbitals of the same type (s, p, d, or f) where electrons are located.

35
New cards

s (sharp)
p (principal)
d (diffuse)
f (fundamental)

____ max of 2 electrons (1 orbital)
____ max of 6 electrons (3 orbitals)
____ max of 10 electrons (5 orbitals)
____ max of 14 electrons (7 orbitals)

36
New cards

Pauli exclusion principle
Hund's rule
Aufbau principle

Rules for electron configuration: (P H A)

37
New cards

Pauli exclusion principle

  • no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers

38
New cards

Hund's rule

  • Electrons occupy orbitals singly before pairing up

39
New cards

Aufbau principle

  • electrons assigned relative to atomic number with lower levels occupied first.

40
New cards

Kinetic Molecular Theory

- Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that are in continuous, random motion
- The volume of all the molecules of the gas is negligible compared to the total volume in which the gas is contained
- Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules is negligible
- The average kinetic energy of the molecules does not change with time (as long as the temperature of the gas remains constant)
- Energy can be transferred between molecules during collisions (but the collisions are perfectly elastic)
- The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to absolute temperature.

41
New cards

Boyle’s Law
Temperature

  • If the volume increases, the pressure decreases.

  • _____ is constant

42
New cards

Charle’s Law
Pressure

  • if the temperature increases, the volume increases.

  • ______ is constant

43
New cards

Gay-Lussacs’ law
Volume

  • if temperature increases, the pressure increases.

  • _____ is constant

44
New cards

Combination/Formation reaction
Decomposition
Single replacement
Double replacement/Double decomposition

Types of Chemical reactions:

45
New cards

Combination/Formation reaction

  • A + B -> AB

46
New cards

Decomposition

  • AB -> A + B

47
New cards

Single replacement

  • A + BX -> AX + B

48
New cards

Double replacement/Double decomposition

AX + BY -> AY + BX

49
New cards

Catalyst

  • a _____ speeds up the reaction but does not affect the amount of the reactants and/or the products.

50
New cards

Reactant
Product

Balancing chemical reactions:

In a balanced equation, each kind of atom has the same number of atoms for both sides of the equation → The left (____) side does not contain more than the right (the ____side); the right does not contain more than the left.

51
New cards

Sour
Corrosive
Ionize
Acid ionization
blue
red

Basic Characteristics of Acids:

- They have a taste and are highly __; they have a pH (power of Hydrogen) of 1≤acid< 7.0

- Strong acids completely ionize while the weak acid ionization is not complete.

- turns ___ litmus paper to __.

52
New cards

Bitter
Slippery
red
blue

Basic Characteristics of Bases:

- They have a ___ taste and feel ___; they have a pH (power of Hydrogen) of 7.0<base≤14.0

- turns ___ litmus paper to ___.

53
New cards

7.0

Neutral compounds have a pH value of ___.

54
New cards

pH scale

  • Logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydronium ion concentration

55
New cards

Lewis Acid-Base Concept
Lewis base
Lewis acid

_____ donates an electron pair in the covalent bonding.
_____ accepts the unshared electron pair.

56
New cards

Amphoteric compounds

  • substances that can act both as an acid and a base

57
New cards

Intramolecular forces

• Within each molecule

• Influence of chemical properties of the substance

• Bonding

58
New cards

Intermolecular forces

• Between molecules

• Influence of physical properties of the substance

• Nonbonding

59
New cards

Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

The most common organic compounds are _____ which mainly consist of hydrogen and carbon. These can be classified as ___, ___, and ___.

60
New cards

Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec

Number of Carbons:
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
7-
8-
9-
10-

61
New cards

Alkanes

  • consist of single bonds.

  • These names of these organic compounds end in the suffix –ane.

  • Their molecular formulas follow the format CnH2n+2.

  • Ex. hexane, C6H14

62
New cards

Alkenes

  • have at least one double bond.

  • Their names of these end in –ene.

  • Their molecular formulas follow the format CnH2n.

  • Ex. propene, C3H6

63
New cards

Alkynes

  • have at least one triple bond.

  • Their names end in –yne.

  • Their molecular formulas follow the format CnH2n-2.

  • Ex. decyne, C10H18.

64
New cards

First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat flow
Work done

  • also known as Law of Conservation of Energy

  • states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.

  • All energy transfers can be described as either ____ or as ____ on or by a system.

65
New cards

Second law of thermodynamics

  • states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.

66
New cards

Entropy

  • is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.

67
New cards

Third law of thermodynamics

  • states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature is exactly equal to zero.