Chapter 11 meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

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31 Terms

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Asexual reproduction

One parent produces genetically identical offspring (clones); no gametes are involved (e.g., bacteria, some plants).

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Sexual reproduction

Two parents contribute gametes (sperm and egg) that fuse to form a genetically unique zygote.

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Gametes

Haploid sex cells (sperm or egg) with 1 set of chromosomes (n).

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Zygote

A diploid cell (2n) formed by the fusion of two gametes; first cell of a new organism.

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Haploid

One set of chromosomes (gametes)

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Diploid

Two sets of chromosomes—one from each parent (somatic cells and zygote).

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Meiosis I (Reduction Division)

Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over; synapsis and formation of tetrads.

Metaphase I: Tetrads align at metaphase plate.

Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes (not chromatids) are pulled to opposite poles.

Telophase I + Cytokinesis: 2 haploid cells form, each with duplicated chromosomes.

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Meiosis II

Prophase II: New spindles form in each haploid cell.

Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up in each cell.

Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

Telophase II + Cytokinesis: 4 genetically unique haploid cells are produced.

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Duplicated chromosome

A chromosome with two sister chromatids.

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Tetrad

A pair of homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids total) formed during prophase I.

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Allele

Different versions of a gene (e.g., blue vs. brown eyes).

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can create new alleles.

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Synaptonemal complex

Protein structure that holds homologs together during synapsis

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Synapsis

Synaptonemal complex proteins help each Homologue form a tight pair with its other Homologue

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Chiasma

Point where homologous chromosomes cross over

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Recombinant chromosomes

Chromosomes that contain new combinations of alleles due to crossing over.

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Oogenesis

makes 1 viable egg and 3 polar bodies (die)

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Spermatogenesis

Production of sperm in testes; makes 4 functional sperm.

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Random Mutations

occur in gametes during DNA Replication

(also occurs in Mitosis) makes different forms of a gene

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Crossing over

gives new unique Recombinant Chromosomes

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Independent Assortment

at Metaphase I 2^23 possible combinations = 8.39 million genetically unique

gametes from 1 person

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Fusion of egg and sperm

creates > 70 trillion genetically distinct combinations of zygotes

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Gonads

organs that produce gametes – Ovaries & Testes

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Germ Cells

cells in gonads that produce gametes

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Pluripotent stem cells

capable of reproducing and becoming any human cell

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Differentiated cells

change from one cell type to another by changing their gene expression pattern, becoming more specialized

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Embryonic stem cells

pluripotent stem cells in blastocyst

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Adult stem cells

In bone marrow, skin, and brain, they can form a limited number of cell types. Red cells are pluripotent stem cells

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Fungi life cycles

Can reproduce sexually and asexually

Haploid cells make up tissue of dominant multicellular stage

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Algae life cycles

Can reproduce sexually and asexually

Haploid cells make up the tissue of the dominant multicellular stage

could also be like plants life cycle

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Plants life cycles

Have both Haploid and Diploid multicellular organisms

Gametophytes: haploid multicellular plants

Sporophyte: diploid multicellular plants