electron structure
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56 Terms
What are principal energy levels?
Regions around the nucleus where electrons are found, identified by the principal quantum number n.
What does the principal quantum number (n) represent?
The main electron shell/energy level.
What values can n have?
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
2 electrons.
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
8 electrons.
How many electrons can the third shell hold?
18 electrons.
How many electrons can the fourth shell hold?
32 electrons.
What are the four types of subshell?
s, p, d and f.
What does the letter s, p, d or f describe?
The type of subshell.
What is the maximum number of electrons in an s subshell?
2 electrons.
What is the maximum number of electrons in a p subshell?
6 electrons.
What is the maximum number of electrons in a d subshell?
10 electrons.
What is the maximum number of electrons in an f subshell?
14 electrons.
How many orbitals are in an s subshell?
1 orbital.
How many orbitals are in a p subshell?
3 orbitals.
How many orbitals are in a d subshell?
5 orbitals.
How many orbitals are in an f subshell?
7 orbitals.
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
A maximum of 2 electrons.
What is an orbital?
A region around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
What is the shape of an s orbital?
Spherical.
What is the shape of a p orbital?
Dumbbell-shaped.
How does the size of an s orbital change with increasing shell number?
It increases as the principal energy level increases.
How are p orbitals oriented?
The three p orbitals are perpendicular to one another.
How many p orbitals are there in a p subshell?
3.
What is the order of electron filling?
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s...
Which orbital fills before 3d?
4s.
Why does 4s fill before 3d?
4s is lower in energy than 3d when the orbitals are being filled.
What is the Aufbau principle?
Electrons occupy the available orbital of lowest energy first.
What happens to electron configurations after the first 20 elements?
The order of filling changes because 4s fills before 3d.
What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
An orbital can contain a maximum of two electrons, and they must have opposite spins.
What is electron spin?
A property of electrons represented by an up or down arrow.
What is Hund's rule?
When orbitals have the same energy, electrons occupy them singly with parallel spins before pairing occurs.
How are electrons represented in orbital diagrams?
As arrows placed inside boxes representing orbitals.
What does ↑↓ in one orbital represent?
Two electrons with opposite spins.
What does ↑ ↑ ↑ in three separate p orbitals represent?
Three electrons occupying separate orbitals with parallel spins.
What is shorthand electron configuration?
A shortened electron configuration using the electron configuration of the previous noble gas.
What noble gas is used for the shorthand configuration of sodium?
Neon, [Ne].
What is the shorthand electron configuration of sodium (Na)?
[Ne] 3s¹.
What is the shorthand electron configuration of magnesium (Mg)?
[Ne] 3s².
What is the shorthand electron configuration of aluminium (Al)?
[Ne] 3s² 3p¹.
What is the full electron configuration of sodium?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹.
What is the full electron configuration of magnesium?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s².
What is the full electron configuration of aluminium?
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹.
How many electrons can an s subshell hold?
2.
How many electrons can a p subshell hold?
6.
How many electrons can a d subshell hold?
10.
How many electrons can an f subshell hold?
14.
How many electrons can a complete p subshell contain?
6 electrons in 3 orbitals.
How many electrons can a complete d subshell contain?
10 electrons in 5 orbitals.
How many electrons can a complete f subshell contain?
14 electrons in 7 orbitals.
What is the maximum number of electrons in one orbital?
2.
What must be true about the spins of two electrons in the same orbital?
They must have opposite spins.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the first principal energy level?
2.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the second principal energy level?
8.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the third principal energy level?
18.
What is the maximum number of electrons in the fourth principal energy level?
32.