Anatomy Lecture and Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering anatomy definitions, gross anatomy subdisciplines, structural organization, organ systems, and tissue classifications (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous) from Anatomy Lecture 2 and Exam Review notes.

Anatomy

The study of external and internal structures (to cut apart / dissect).

Physiology

The study of how the body functions.

Gross anatomy

Subdiscipline of anatomy focusing on structures that can be seen without magnification.

Comparative anatomy

Studies similarities and differences across species.

Developmental anatomy

Studies structural changes from conception through maturity (e.g., thymus diminishes after puberty).

Embryology

Studies developmental changes that occur prior to birth.

Regional anatomy

Studies all structures within a single region (e.g., muscle, nerves, blood vessels of arms).

Surface anatomy

Studies superficial and internal structures as they relate to their location on the body.

Systemic anatomy

Studies structures involved with a specific activity (e.g., endocrine, digestive, urinary).

Pathologic anatomy

Study of structures visualized by medical imaging procedures (x-ray, MRI).

Surgical anatomy

Study of anatomical landmarks used before and after surgery (e.g., using hip bones).

Structural organization

The hierarchy of body structure: atoms -> molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism.

Integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates body temp, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss.

Skeletal system

Provides support + protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides site for muscle attachments.

Muscular system

Provides body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.

Nervous system

A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli & helps control all other systems of the body; also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, & memory.

Endocrine system

Consists of glands & cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body & cellular growth, chemical levels in body, & reproductive functions.

Cardiovascular system

Consists of heart (a pump), blood, & blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, & gases, & pick up waste product.

Respiratory system

Responsible for exchange of gases ($CO_2$ + $O_2$) between blood and the air in the lungs.

Lymphatic system

Transports & filters lymph & initiates an immune response when necessary (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels).

Digestive system

Mechanically + chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, + expels waste products.

Urinary system

Filters the blood + removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, expels urine from body.

Four main tissues

Epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous.

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple epithelial tissue responsible for diffusion and filtration; located in lungs/gas exchange, mesothelium, and kidneys.

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple epithelial tissue responsible for reabsorption in the kidneys and secretion in the thyroid.

Simple columnar epithelium

Simple epithelial tissue responsible for absorption and secretion in the digestive tract.

Pseudostratified epithelium

Epithelium that false-looks stratified, contains mucous cells, and is located in the respiratory tract.

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Dry protective stratified squamous epithelium with visible nuclei all the way to the surface; located in the epidermis.

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Wet protective stratified squamous epithelium located in the esophagus, vaginal canal, and anal canal.

Stratified columnar ET

Stratified epithelial tissue located in the male urethra.

Transitional ET

Stratified epithelial tissue located in the urinary bladder and urethra.

Areolar CT

Loose connective tissue located around organs, and within the dermis & epidermis.

Adipose CT

Loose connective tissue (fat) located everywhere in the hypodermis.

Reticular CT

Loose connective tissue located in lymph organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes) and bone marrow.

Dense regular CT

Dense connective tissue providing unidirectional strength, made of all collagen fibers; forms tendons and ligaments.

Dense irregular CT

Dense connective tissue located in the dermis of the skin.

Elastic CT

Dense connective tissue that allows stretch + recoil; located in the aorta, veins + arteries.

Hyaline cartilage

The most common cartilage type, located in the knee and trachea.

Fibrous cartilage

The strongest cartilage type, located in vertebrae, meniscus, and labrum.

Elastic cartilage

Cartilage tissue characterized by lacunae containing chondrocytes.

Fluid CT

Category of connective tissue consisting of blood and lymph.

Bone CT

Connective tissue consisting of compact bone and spongy bone.

Mesenchymal tissue

Embryonic fetal connective tissue.

Mucous tissue

Embryonic fetal connective tissue, also known as Wharton's Jelly, located in the umbilical cord.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle tissue located in axial/appendicular areas, responsible for contraction and locomotion.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue located in the heart, responsible for contraction.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue located in the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems, responsible for contraction.

Nervous tissue

Tissue composed of neurons and glial cells (4 types in the CNS, 2 types in the PNS).