RADR 1309: Exam 1

ALARA principle

a philosophy of use of radiation based on using dosages "as low as reasonably achievable" to attain the desired diagnostic or therapeutic goal

anatomy markers

markers made of lead and placed on outside of Image receptors (cassettes) to indicate side of interest (Rt. vs. Lt) and tech identifier

AP projection

anterior to posterior, where central ray enters the anterior side and exits the posterior side

PA projection

posterior-anterior, where the central ray enters the posterior side and exits the anterior side.

artifacts

a structure not normally present, but produced by some external action; something artificial; the distortion of a substance or signal, or which interferes with or obscures the interpretation of a study

Attenuation

process by which a beam of radiation decreases in intensity when passing through material due to absorption and scattering processes, leading to a decrease in flux density of the beam when projected through matter

Attenuation

beam absorption and scattering

Bucky

A metal tray holding IR (cassettes) mounted under the table top or an upright unit

table bucky

Bucky located under the table top (holds the IR)

upright bucky or chest board

used mainly for chest x-rays; bucky in an upright position

Table top (TT)

defines a location where to place IR

Breathing Instructions

Imaging done in various stage of respiration for the anatomy of interest

Caudal

Towards the tail end (central ray angled towards the feet)

Caliper

Aluminum, L shaped measuring device used to measure anatomy to be imaged

Central Ray (CR)

Imaginary line in the center of the x-ray beam, perpendicular to the object being imaged

cephalad

towards the head (central ray angled towards the head)

collimation

A method, in radiology, of restricting and confining the x-ray beam to a given area of interest

contrast

the degree to which light and dark areas of an image differ in brightness or in optical density. (more black and white vs. shades of gray)

control console

a desk, or column, with panels that display information and present control used by an operator (in radiology, where technical factors are selected)

contrast media

radiopaque substances introduced into the body system (bowel, joint) to allow radiological visualization

decubitus

lying on the lateral side with a tube in a horizontal position

recumbent with horizontal beam

Which position is used for decubitus imaging

differences in brightness/density

defines radiographic contrast

density (radiographic)

amount of darkening on a radiograph

detent

when the x-ray tube is alighned with the grid in the table (lock in place)

distal

part furthest away from the origin

proximal

part of the structure closest to the origin

dosimeter

a personal device for monitoring cumulative radiation dose

expiration

exhaling (breathing out)

inspiration

breathing in (inhalation)

exposure

act of taking a radiograph

external

turning outward

internal

tunring inward

field of view

area where the x-ray beam is directed for imaging

focal spot

selection on control panel that directs x-ray beam size

grid

device consisting of a series of narrow lead strips closely spaced on their edges and separated by spacers of low-density material; used to reduce the amount of scattered radiation reaching the image receptor

imaged

synonymous with term x rayed

image receptor (IR)

a device that changes the x-ray beam into a visible image. an image receptor may be a radiographic film and cassette, a phosphorescent screen (used in fluoroscopy or computed radiography), or a special detector placed in table or upright Bucky (used in direct digital radiography)

kVp

kilovoltage, peak (maximum amount of energy) (quality of beam) (image contrast)

mAs

milliAmperage x seconds, a unit of radiographic exposure equal to the product of the milliamperage and the exposure time in seconds. abbreviated (mAs) (quantity; how many) (image density)

lateral

from positioning standpoint, 90 degrees from AP or PA

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on one's back

recumbent

lying on back

oblique

a rotated body position in which neither frontal nor lateral image is produced. the patient is turned between AP or PA and lateral at 45 degrees

midline

center line drawn on table top or on upright Bucky

lead apron/shield

a type of protective clothing that acts as a radiation shield. the puspose is to reduce exposure of a hospital patient and radiographer to x-rays and to vital organs that are potentially exposed to ionizing radiation during medical imaging that uses x-rays.

LW;CW

symbols for IR/cassette placement (length wise) (cross wise)

OID

object to IR distance (distance from body part to IR)

SID

source to image receptor distance (x-ray tube to IR)

standard distances

40 inches or 72 inches

portable x-ray machine

making a radiograph of a patient confined to bed by taking a moveable x-ray machine to the room

primary radiation

x-ray photons immediately exiting the tube (first radiation)

remnant radiation

x-ray photons that reaches the image receptor (IR) once it has exited the patient

scatter radiation

non-diagnostic x-ray photons that travel in different directions after interacting with the patient's body

radiographic projection

the path the central ray (CR) enters the object being exposed to radiation

radiographic view

the body image as seen by the image receptor (IR) of a radiographic imaging system. (the opposite of the radiographic projection)

projection

the physical area the IR recieves the x-ray beam from

radiographic position

the specific position of the body or a body part in relation to the image receptor (IR) during x-ray imaging (supine, erect, etc)

radiopaque

obstructing the passage of radiant energy, such as x-rays, the representative areas appearing light ot white on the exposed film (bone)

radiolucent

permitting the passage of radiant energy such as x-rays, with little attenuation, the representative areas appearing DARK on the exposed film (lungs)

radiograph

an x-ray image

technique

factors used for the exposure; mA, time, KVP, distance, and focal spot size found on the control console

technique chart

chart that contains exposure facorts according to body part, part thickness, and technical factors

x-ray generator (tube)

The electronic device that controls the production of X-rays in radiography; a key function is rectification of line voltage to produce a smooth direct current voltage to the X-ray tube.

x-ray photons

a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light but of shorter wavelength and capable of penetrating solids and of ionizing various atoms. (particle of x-ray energy)

analysis

careful examination of the components of a complex situation/problem

produce x-ray photons

function of the x-ray tube

case studies

real-life patient situations that are studied and assessed for learning purposes

critical thinking

creative action based on professional knowledge/experience involving sound judgement applied with high eithical standards/integrity

critique

a type of evaluation that provides feedback on the quality of a work/creation in the form of an opinion/review

evaluation

judgement or determination of the quality of a work or creation

clinical

where student is exposed to real-life experiences that allow them to transfer knowledge into action

affective critical thinking

Analyzing personal values and feelings and managing uncomfortable ethical situations are components of what type of critical thinking?

the solution that provides the best outcome for the patient

The primary factor that determines the solution to the problem in critical thinking

laboratory expirements

exercises or activities used to reinforce cognitive concepts through the performance of planned steps, usually involving the analysis of data and answering questions

portfolio

collection and self-assessment of representative student work and accomplishments

practice standards

defining statements of the professional role and performance criteria for a practitioner

problem solving

answering questions in a methodic manner to resolve a challenging situation

reflection

the use of recording in a journal and personal review of current and past practices to improve future decision-making processes.

1. identify and clarify the problem

2. investigate the problem (perform an objective analysis to the problem)

3.formulate viable solutions to the problem

4. consider all viable solutions

5. select the best solution and implement it

5 steps in problem solving and critical thinking

thinking;doing

cognitive is to _____, as psychomotor is to _______?

stress

a demand on time, energy, and resources with an element of threat

1. controlling time

2. thinking positively

3. buffering stressors

3 ways to reduce stress

Buffers

activities that decrease the negative effects of stress but do not change the stressors

fight-or-flight response

physiological response resulting from anger and fear, and triggered by or imagined threat

stressors

events, both real and imagined, that increase feelings of anxiety

hassles

unexpected negative changes or events (minor change)

uplifts

planned positive activities to balance hassles and stressors

out-of-control language

words or phrases that express a lack of control over a situation

in-control language

statements that reflect an attitude of choice and evoke positive feelings

worry

time and energy spent concerned for things over which we have little or no control. Less than 5% of the events actually happen.

time-management

self-management related to how time is used

indesicion

the biggest thief of time

1. know yourself

2. prioritize responsibilities/setting limits

3. prioritize activities

4. plan for self-care

ways to manage time

excercise, good nutrition, and meditation

stress buffers include

1. B Complex

2. Vitamin C

3. Magnesium

Vitamins that are depleted as a result of stress

vitamin c

needed for the growth and repair of the tissues in the body and has been shown to be important in supporting the immune system

mnemonic

a memory aid that helps recall information (LAB RAT for heart valves)

50% recall can be lost

how much recall can be lost with 1 hour of study and no review