Written Biology Test

P generation

The parental generation of pea plants that you start a cross with.

F1 generation

The offspring of the P generation, also referred to as filial generation.

F2 generation

The offspring of the F1 generation, also referred to as the second filial generation.

Dominant

The stronger trait that overpowers the recessive trait.

Recessive

The weaker trait that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant one.

Mendel's Theory

Parents pass on genes that determine traits, not the traits themselves.

Homozygous

Both genes carry the same information for a trait.

Heterozygous

The genes contain different information for a trait.

Allele

The two copies of the same gene, one from each parent, carried on homologous chromosomes.

Phenotype

The physical appearance determined by the alleles for a trait.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, defined by the set of alleles.

Law of Segregation

Each organism carries two alleles for each trait, which separate during gamete formation.

Law of Independent Assortment

Alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently.

Regular Dominant-Recessive

Inheritance where one allele is dominant and masks the effect of a recessive allele.

Codominant

Both alleles in a pair are fully expressed.

Incomplete Dominant

The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes.

Polygenic Inheritance

Traits controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes.

Multiple Alleles

More than two alleles exist for a gene.

Environmental Influenced Traits

Traits influenced by environmental factors.

X-Linked Traits

Traits carried on the X chromosome, often affecting males more.