Written Biology Test

  1. P generation (Parental) - The a pea plants you Start a cross with(you)

  1. F1 generation (Filial means sons) - offspring of the P generation(kids)

  1. F2 generation - offspring of the F1 generation(grandkids)

Dominant - The stronger trait which overpowers the recessive

Recessive - The weaker trait which will only be expressed in the

absence of a dominant one

Mendel's Theory (the basis of modern genetics):

  1.    Parents don't directly pass on traits, they pass on genes (factors) that determine traits.

  2.    For each trait, an individual has two genes, one from each parent.
    For any trait, the 2 alleles may or may not contain the same information:

Homozygous - both genes have the same inormation

Heterozygous - the a genes contain different information

Allele - The 2 copies of the same gene that we have for every trait one of each is carried on the 2 homozygous chromosomes

Phenotype - your physical appearance determined by the alleles for that trait - (what You Look Like)

Genotype - Your genetic makeup, the set of alleles an individual has/the genes YOU have

Sure, let's break down all this information simply:

- Laws: Mendel formulated two main laws:

  - Law of Segregation: Each organism carries two alleles for each trait, and these alleles separate during the formation of gametes (egg and sperm cells).

  - Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

Pea Plant Traits:

- Mendel studied traits like flower color (purple or white), seed shape (round or wrinkled), and pod color (green or yellow).

Ways Traits Are Inherited:

- Regular Dominant-Recessive: One allele is dominant and masks the effect of the recessive allele (e.g., brown eyes dominant over blue eyes).

- Codominant: Both alleles in a pair are fully expressed (e.g., AB blood type).

- Incomplete Dominant: The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., red and white flowers producing pink flowers).

- Polygenic Inheritance: Traits controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes (e.g., skin color, height).

- Multiple Alleles: More than two alleles exist for a gene (e.g., ABO blood group system).

- Environmental Influenced: Traits influenced by environmental factors (e.g., height influenced by nutrition).

- X-Linked: Traits carried on the X chromosome, often affecting males more (e.g., hemophilia).