Neuromuscular (EXAM #1) study guide

What is the common goal of scientists that study neuroscience?

to understand the structure and function of normal and abnormal brain

Hint:

Neuroscience

Neuro = Nerves, Science= study of nerve, brain

Neuroscience= Brain Science

What area of science do these researchers come from? (NAME 3)

1. Anatomists (uh-nah-tuh-mists)

2. Physiologists

3. Psychologists

What does a Anatomists study?

Studies the brain’s shape, cellular structure, and it’s circuitry (sir-cut-tree)

What does a Physiologists study?

They study the brain’s electrical properties

Hint:

Physio= nature/function of the body

What does a Psychologists study?

They study the organization and neural substrates of behavior and cognition

Hint:

When you think of psychology you think of behavior and cognition

Neuroscience is the study of the ______.

Nervous system

*Neuroscience stretches from _______ biology of nerve cells to ____ basis of behavior

molecular ; biological

Define Afferent pathways (neurons)

Brings information into the CNS

(carries info from body into CNS)

Hint:

Arrives at CNS

Afferent pathways

What does the Afferent pathway do? (responsible for)

• *Sensory

• EX: Touch, pain, temp., pressure

Define Efferent Pathways (neurons)

Take information away from CNS

(Carries info from CNS)

Hint:

Exits CNS

Efferent pathways

What does the Efferent pathway do? (responsible for)

• *Motor

• skeletal muscle movement, HR, digestion, and gland secretions

The nervous system has TWO different kinds of systems, what are they?

1. CNS

2. PNS

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Brain and Spinal cord

CNS

*The CNS is known as the “integrating” or “control” center because it…..

takes info. and makes decisions

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• Ganglia

• Cranial and Spinal nerves

Clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS are called what?

Ganglia

PNS

*Carries ______ signals to and from the ______

Peripheral; CNS

*Define INNERVATION

Nerve supply to a tissue

What are the TWO (three ig) FUNCTIONAL DIVISONS for the PNS?

1. Somatic Division

2. Autonomic Division

3. Enteric

The Somatic Division has TWO NEURONS, sensory neurons and motor neurons. Explain what the sensory neurons are responsible for.

Somatic Division - Sensory neurons

Sensory information from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS

The Somatic Division has TWO NEURONS, sensory neurons and motor neurons. Explain what the motor neurons are responsible for.

Somatic Division - Motor neurons

Motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

The Autonomic Division has TWO NEURONS, sensory neurons and motor neurons. Explain what the sensory neurons are responsible for.

Autonomic Division - Sensory neurons

Sensory information from visceral organs to CNS

The Autonomic Division has TWO NEURONS, sensory neurons and motor neurons. Explain what the motor neurons are responsible for.

Autonomic Division - Motor neurons

Motor impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The CNS is divided into FIVE PARTS what are they?

1. Spinal cord

2. Brainstem

3. Cerebellum

4. Diencephalon (die-in-seph-uh-lawn)

5. Cerebral hemispheres

Be able to identify where each of the five parts are on a diagram:

Where is the Spinal cord located in the diagram?

Be able to identify where each of the five parts are on a diagram:

Where is the Brainstem (medulla, pons & midbrain) located in the diagram?

Be able to identify where each of the five parts are on a diagram:

Where is the Cerebellum located in the diagram?

Be able to identify where each of the five parts are on a diagram:

Where is the Diencephalon located in the diagram?

Be able to identify where each of the five parts are on a diagram:

Where is the cerebral hemispheres located in the diagram?

CNS

The BRAINSTEM is made up fo THREE parts, what are they?

1. Medulla

2. Pons

3. Midbrain

The Medulla (or medulla oblongata) is responsible for what?

Digestion, breathing, control of heart rate. Also the location of decussation for sensory and motor pathways

The Pons is responsible for what?

Movement of information to cerebellum

The Midbrain is responsible for what?

Vision, arousal, and temp regulation

Directional terms for Brain and Spinal cord:

Define Dorsal

Refers to the back (For spinal Cord) and on top of the brain

Directional terms for Brain and Spinal cord:

Define VENTRAL

Refers to the front (for spinal cord) and bottom of the brain

Directional terms for Brain and Spinal cord:

Define Rostral

“Toward the beak,” front of the brain and top of the spinal cord

Hint:

Rostral = Rooster = beak = Front

Directional terms for Brain and Spinal cord:

Define caudal

“Towards the tail,” back of the brain and bottom of the spinal cord

Hint:

Caudal = Cats have TAILS

*For the brain, _____ is superior and _____ is inferior

dorsal; ventral

*For the spinal cord (SC), _____ is posterior and ____ is anterior

Dorsal; ventral

What are the Functions of the spinal cord (what does it do)?

Functions primarily in transmission of neural signals between the brain and body

• Receives and processes sensory information from skin, joints and muscles of the limbs and trunk.

• Controls movements of the limbs and trunk

How many spinal nerves are there?

There are 31 pairs of nerves (5 parts)

Name the 5 parts of the 31 spinal nerves?

1. Cervical

2. Thoracic

3. Lumbar

4. Sacral

5. Coccygeal (cock-se-G-ul)

How many are there in each part of the Spinal Nerves?

Ex: how many cervical are in the spinal cord nerves that help add up to 31

1. Cervical (8)

2. Thoracic (12)

3. Lumbar (5)

4. Sacral (5)

5. Coccygeal (1)

How many are there in each part of the Vertebrae?

1. Cervical (7)

2. Thoracic (12)

3. Lumbar (5)

4. Sacral (5)

5. Coccygeal (4)

The first ____ pairs exit above their corresponding
vertebra, while the ______ cervical nerve exits between
____ and ___. The remaining spinal nerves exit below
their corresponding vertebrae.

Seven; Eight; C7 and T1

*Cranial nerves bypass the ____ and connect directly to the ____

Spinal Cord; Brain

The spinal cord connects the brain to nearly all parts of the body.

Which are composed of TWO different areas, what are they?

1. Inner H-shaped core of gray matter (composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons)

2. Surrounding area of white matter (ascending and descending myelinated axons)

For the 1st one "the “inner H-shaped core of gray matter (composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons")” what is this area composed of?

Two dorsal horns and Two Ventral horns

For the 2nd one “Surrounding area of white matter (ascending and descending myelinated axons)” at the level of each vertebra, the spinal cord gives off a pair of what?

At the level of each vertebrae, the spinal cord gives off a pair of dorsal and ventral roots to each side (left & right)

Dorsal _____, Ventral _____

Dorsal in, Ventral out

Hint:

Dorsal = Come in the Door

Ventral = if you want to Vent go outside

Define Decussation

Crossing of neuro pathways from one side of the brain or spinal cord to the other. Reason for the left brain controlling the right side of the body and vice versa

Define Plexus

Bundle of nerves that originates from a specific anatomical area and serves a particular region of the body

How many Plexuses are there and what are they? (Name them)

• There are 3 Plexuses

• Cervical Plexus, Brachial Plexus, & Lumbar Plexus

Define cervical plexus

Network of nerves in the neck that supplies innervation to the head, neck, and shoulders

Define Brachial Plexus

Network of nerves in the shoulder that carries motor signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hands

Define Lumbar plexus

Provides motor and sensory information to the lower abdominal, pelvic and thigh region

What is the largest part if the brain?

The Cerebrum (upper most region of the CNS)

There are 2 hemispheres (left&right) that are divided into 4 or 5 lobes. What are the names of these lobes?

1. Frontal Lobe

2. Parietal Lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital Lobe

5. Insular Lobe

What is the frontal lobe responsible for? (3)

• Executive function: attentional control, working memory, reasoning, problem solving

• Personality

• Movement

HINT:

Frontal lobe = Front door of the Brain

This front door leads to working memories, personality, movement, reasoning, probelm solving and attentional control

What is the Parietal Lobe responsible for? (1)

• Sensory processing: touch, temperature, pressure

Hint:

Parietal Lobe = Parent

imagine a parent putting their hand on your forehead to check your temperature (touch + pressure too)

What is the temporal lobe responsible for? (1)

• Memory, auditory information, and understanding language

HINT:

Temple = Telephone = listen to a phone call in your ears where your temples are. When you hear a voice, you remember who it is by memory by processing the auditory information and understanding the language being spoke to you

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for? (1)

• Visual processing

What is the Insular Lobe responsible for? (1)

• Emotion, long-term memory, and behavior

The lobes are named are the skull _____ they underlie

BONES

What is the Cerebral Cortex:

Name TWO characteristics of the Cerebral Cortex

• Refers to the corrugated surface (~3 mm deep) of the cerebral hemispheres

• Wrinkled surface allows more cells in a limited space

(Be sure to remember what the purpose of the wrinkled surface is for!)

For the first one “Refers to the corrugated surface (~3 mm deep) of the cerebral hemispheres” what are the TWO CHARACTERISTICS of this surface?

• ~25 billion neurons (pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons; gray matter)

• 6 layers of cells (gray matter)

For the second one “Wrinkled surface allows more cells in a limited space” what is the TWO Characteristics of this surface? (2)

– Gyri (singular gyrus)
– Sulci (sulcus)

What is a gyrus and a Sulcus?

– Gyri (singular gyrus): folds, bumps or ridges
– Sulci (sulcus): grooves

TRUE or FALSE:

Majority of cortex not visible from outside but buried in sulci

true

TRUE or FALSE:

The cortex is where most neural integration happens in the CNS

TRUE

What are the TWO main sulcus?

1. Central sulcus

2. Lateral sulcus

Define Central Sulcus

Groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes

Define Lateral sulcus

Groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

What are the TWO main gyri (gyrus)?

1. Precentral gyrus

2. Postcentral gyrus

define Precentral gyrus

The ridge directly anterior to the central sulcus (primary motor cortex)

Define Postcentral gyrus

Ridge directly posterior to the central sulcus (primary somatosensory cortex)

What does Gray Matter contain?

Contains mostly neuronal cel bodies, their dendrites and associated glial cells

True or False:

The color of Gray Matter in living tissue is actually pinkish-light brown

TRUE

What does White Matter contain?

contains myelinated axons and white matter glial cells

What does the color of white matter come from, and kind of bundles does it contain?

• Color comes from the lipid content of myelin sheaths

• White matter contains bundles of myelinated axons that are called
  tracts in the CNS

Where is the white matter most located in the brain and spinal cord?

on the inside

Where is the Gray matter most located in the brain and spinal cord?

On the outside

Define Ataxia

Having coordination issues

extra info. to help: a lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements leading to problems with balance, walking, etc…..

Define Meninges (explain what it does)

Covers, protects and nourishes the CNS

How many layers does the Meninges have, and what are they called?

• 3 LAYERS

• Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater

Define Dura mater

Thick touch membrane connected to the cranium

Define Arachnoid mater

cushions the brain, CSF

Define Pia mater

thin layer that adheres to the surface and follows its contours, with many capillaries

True or False:

The brains dura mater is connected to the skull bone, whereas the spinal cords dura mater is surrounded by fluid and fat.

TRUE

Define Meningitis

infection causing inflammation of the meninges

define Subdural Hematoma

Blood pooling in the subdural space causing intra-cranial pressure

Who is Broadman? And what did he examine?

A German neuroanatomist (early 1900s) who examined structural differences in cells to identify 52 different areas

What Brodmann areas correspond to the motor function and sensory
function?

• Motor- Areas 4,6

• Sensory - Areas 3,1,2, and 5,7

The nervous system has two types of cells, what are they?

Nerve cells and Glial cells

Define Nerve Cells

(Neurons) the signaling units (information messengers)

Nerve Cells:

Name 3 characteristics of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

• carry sensory information form receptors in the periphery to the CNS for a response

• Pseudo-unipolar

• Afferent

Nerve cells:

What is the function of the Motor neurons cells?

Carry motor commands from the CNS to innervate target cells (i.e., other neurons, muscle and glands

True or False:

Neurons can also be classified according to their connections?

TRUE

Define Afferent neurons (sensory)

Brings information into the CNS

Define Efferent Neuron (motor)

Take information away from CNS