Chemistry CBA/Semester Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Chemistry CBA/Semester Exam review notes to aid in exam preparation.

What is Dalton's model of the atom?

An atom is a tiny, solid, indivisible sphere known as a 'billiard ball'.

What did Thomson's atomic model introduce?

Atoms are made up of negatively charged particles (electrons) distributed in a cloud of positive charge.

What did Rutherford's model of the atom reveal?

The atom’s positive charge is concentrated at the center in the nucleus and is mostly empty space.

According to Bohr, how do electrons behave?

Electrons revolve in orbits around the nucleus, with energy levels determined by the distance from the nucleus.

What does Schrodinger's model describe?

Electrons exist in 'clouds' around the nucleus, with probability calculations for finding electrons in specific regions.

What is the structure of an atom according to current understanding?

Atoms are made of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with electrons in an electron cloud around it.

What is the charge and location of protons?

Charge: +1, Location: Inside the nucleus.

How does atomic radius change across a period?

It decreases due to increased nuclear charge pulling electrons closer.

How does atomic mass change down a group?

It increases as more electron shells and higher atomic numbers add protons and neutrons.

What trend occurs in electronegativity across a period?

Electronegativity increases from left to right due to greater nuclear charge.

How does ionization energy change down a group?

Ionization energy decreases due to greater distance and additional electron shielding.

What is the significance of valence electrons in chemical properties?

Elements in the same group have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons.

How do you determine the molecular geometry using VSEPR theory?

By analyzing the number of lone and bond pairs on the central atom.

What are the prefixes used in naming covalent compounds for 2 and 3 atoms respectively?

2: di-, 3: tri-.

What is the empirical formula of a compound?

The formula showing the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.

What is the reaction of alkali metals in water?

They react vigorously, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen gas.

What is ionization energy?

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

What determines the type of bond formed between two elements?

The electronegativity difference between the two elements.

Which bond is formed when there is a large difference in electronegativity?

Ionic bond.

What happens to the electronegativity trend as you go down a group in the periodic table?

It decreases due to increased electron shells.