BIOSTATS CHAP 3

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

refers to a method of presenting the data which uses statements with few numbers in order to describe the data, purposely to get attention to some significant data.

advantages of textual presentation

-GIVES EMPHASIS TO SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1 -APPROPRIATE WHEN THERE ARE FEW FIGURES TO BE PRESENTED

Tabular Presentation

refers to a method of presenting data consisting of columns and rows. Data should never put in a table if it can be described efficiently in one or two sentences. When used alongside with textual form, the discussion must comes either before or after the table.

One-Way Table

Used to display the distribution of a categorical variable for a sample of individuals.

Two Way Table

A table that displays two categories of data collected from the same source

three-way table

A table summarizing the results of three categorical variables.

table number

refers to the relative position of the table within a series. It is place on the same line as the opening of the title, separated from the title proper by a period. Numbers should be omitted for single table. Tables should be numbered in continuous Arabic numerals beginning with 1.

Table Title

refers to a brief statement about the table presented. All beginning letters of the Words in the title must be capitalized and the rest are in lower case. It should be concise and the key variables must be shown in the table. It should never be more than two lines. Periods are left out at the end of the title. If the title is two lines long, it must be single-spaced. It always go above the table.

column spanner

the heading in the table that sits above two or more columns to indicate a certain classification or grouping of the data in those columns. Each column has a heading in order to identify what data are listed below in a vertical arrangement.

stubhead

refers to the heading in the table that is placed above the leftmost column.

stub

The data that follow the stub column are known as

column head

All other column headings are simply referred to as

body

the main part of the table, which contains the quantitative information. It is the actual data in a table occupying the columns, for example, percentages, frequencies, statistical test results, means, "N" (number of samples), among others.

Dividers

lines that frame the top and bottom of the table and, or mark the different parts of the table. They are often used for division or emphasis within the body of a table.

footnote

any statement or note inserted at the foot or bottom of the table. You may used table notes to explain anything in your table that is not self-explanatory. You would place asterisk below the table followed by the note or explanation required for that value.

source note

refers to the specific source of the statistics. It is introduced by the word “Source". Thus, source note may be included to acknowledge the origin of the data. This is placed beneath the footnote.

Bar Graph (Histogram)

graph consisting of bars of the same sizes, which are drawn vertically or horizontally for the purpose of comparing values of each other

pie chart

graph used to show how a whole is divided into its components parts. The sum part of the whole should be 100%. The pie chart is sometimes called as the circle graph.

Component Bar Graph

graph made of bar representing the whole which is further divided into a smaller rectangles representing the parts wherein the area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole. Like the pie chart, is used to show how a whole is divided into its component parts.

line graph

graph used for displaying data that changes continuously over time.

raw data

collected data at random. It is a data in its original form.

array

arrangement of observations in a given data according to their magnitude from highest to lowest or lowest to highest.

frequency distribution

refers to the number of observations that fall within a certain range of the data. To organize data into frequency distribution, we need to pick up some convenient class intervals and tabulate the number of each individual observation that falls into a particular interval.

Class Interval

A group of scores in a grouped frequency distribution.

class limits

End #'s of class intervals

class boundaries

are the numbers used to separate classes, but without the gaps created by class limits

Class Mark (Midpoint)

The number in the middle of the class. It is found by adding the upper and lower limits and dividing by two. It can also be found by adding the upper and lower boundaries and dividing by two.

histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

frequency polygon (line graph)

another method of graphing frequency distribution. It is constructed by joining with straight lines a series of points which are the class marks (or midpoints) of the classes

cumulative frequency

is the accumulated frequencies of the distribution when numbers of observations that lies below (less than) or above (greater than) a certain class boundary are to be determined.

ogive

graph that represents the cumulative frequencies of the classes. It is constructed by joining with lines a series of points which are the class marks (or midpoints) of the classes as against the less than (or greater than) cumulative frequencies.