Personality, Hunger, Motivation, & Emotion

Personality

Consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that influences behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Childhood, the unconscious, sexual impulses, and defense mechanisms dictate personality

Psychodynamic Theory of Personality

Childhood, the unconscious, and defense mechanisms dictate personality

Conscious Level

Holds thoughts and perceptions while being in a state of awareness

Preconscious Level

Holds memories and stores knowledge in the mind

Unconscious Level

Holds fears, urges, selfish needs, wishes, and unacceptable desires while being in a state of unawareness

Id

Mental principle that wants to satisfy desires, earn pleasure, and avoid pain without thinking first (unconscious level)

Superego

Mental principle that applies moral restrictions/consequences, focusing on how we ought to behave (preconscous & conscious levels)

Ego

Mental principle that mediates the id, superego, and reality, achieving desires but having limits too (conscious level)

Anxiety

This is the result of an imbalance between the Id and Superego

Rationalization

Creating logical excuses to make yourself feel better after expericing something unacceptable

Denial

Refusing to accept bad feelings, events, and/or thoughts that happened

Repression

Unconsciously blocking unacceptable memories & feelings, to the point you don't remember them happening

Projection

Assuming other people around you feel emotions that you don't feel, blaming them in the process

Reaction Formation

Acting the opposite of how you feel (ex. feeling jealous yet you act happy)

Displacement

Redirecting unacceptable feelings/thoughts.impulses by taking them out on a less-threatening person (typically with actions)

Sublimation

Channeling negative emotions by turning them into positive ones (ex. feeling angry so you turn ur aggression into playing competitive sports)

Regression

Reverting to a younger, child-like state to feel more comforted (ex. hugging your teddy after feeling sad)

Projective Tests

Tests unconscious personal motives and traits by responding to vague and ambiguous stimuli

Roschach Inkblot Test

Interpreting complicated pictures to assess personality traits

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Examinees tell a story in response to ambiguous scenes to assess the unconscious

Humanistic Theory of Personality (Rogers)

People strive to achieve positive growth and become self-fulfilled people. They want their true and ideal selves to match.

Social-Cognitive Perspective (Bandura)

Behavior is influenced by the behavior, people, and environment during social interactions

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accepting and valuing people without judgement, regardless of their behavior or beliefs

Self-Actualizing Tendency

The belief that humans attempt to move toward fulfilling their inner capabilities and potentials

Reciprocal Determinism

The belief that behavior, personal traits, and the environment influence each other continuously in different ways

Self-Efficacy

The belief in your own own abilities

Self-Esteem

How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself (self-worth)

Self-Concept

Our understanding and evaluation of our identity and personal self-esteem

Trait Theory of Personality

People are made up of a collection of traits (OCEAN), with levels of those traits differing between person to person

High Openness Trait

Prioritizes variety, imagination, and taking on new challenges

Low Openness Trait

Prefers routine, uncreativity, and not taking on new ideas

High Conscientious Trait

Prioritizes discipline and organization

Low Conscientious Trait

Prefers disorgnization, procastination, and being impulsive

High Extraversion Trait

Prioritizes talking, being outgoing, and being social

Low Extraversion Trait

Prefers being reserved, avoiding the spotlight, and being quiet

High Agreeableness Trait

Prioritizes trust, empathy, and being helpful

Low Agreeableness Trait

Prefers being suspicious, uncooperative, and self-centered

High Neuroticism Trait

Prioritizes being anxious, worrisome, and being insecure

Personality Inventories

Tests in which people respond to questions with a wide range of feelings and behaviors for answers (ex. the MBTI test)

Low Neuroticism Trait

Prefers being calm, handling stress well, and having stable emotions

Factor Analysis

Statistically grouping related traits together and then simplifies them into smaller sets to identify underlying patterns/factors

Motivation

The force that drives a person's actions and behavior to achieve specific goals

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Inborn and unlearned behaviors universal to species explain motivation

Drive

Internal state of tension that motivates organisms to maintain emotional equilibrium

Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation

People maintain homeostasis by engaging in activities that satisfy basic needs (ex. hunger, sex)

Homeostasis

Balance and equilibrium

Arousal Theory of Motivation (Yerkes-Dodson)

Humans reach a certain point in which they are at their best. But after, their actions get sloppy and inconsistent

Incentive Theories

External goals that motivate behavior (ex. money motivating people to work harder)

Drive Theories

Behavior motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from within yourself from factors like curiosity and personal satisfaction

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that comes from external factors like rewards or punishments

Self-Determination Theory

Humans are motivated to achieve three basic needs: autonomy (control), competence (preparedness), and relatedness (bonding)

Motivational Conflict Theory (Lewin)

Humans face difficulty and conflict when going through situations that have different outcomes

Approach-Aproach

Motivational conflict in which a person must choose between two desirable options

Approach-Avoidance

Motivational conflict in which a person has to choose between options that have positive & negative outcomes

Avoidance-Avoidance

Motivational conflict in which a person must choose between two negative options

Sensation-Seeking Theory

Some humans may get bored easily, seeking high levels of stimulation to cure boredom

Experience Seeking

Using new and unusual experiences to cure boredom

Thrill Adventure Seeking

Using physically risky or other adrenaline-fueling activities to cure boredom

Disinhibition Seeking

Acting impulsively in activities to cure boredom

Boredom Susceptibility Seeking

Not tolerating repetitive situations to cure boredom

Hypothalamus

Known as the pleasure center of the brain

Lateral Hypothalamus

Where does hunger motivation come from?

Ghrelin

NT that increases hunger with stomach contractions

Leptin

NT that suppresses hunger via secretion of fat cells

Pituitary Gland

Suppresses and releases leptin and ghrelin when needed for hunger

Food availability, tastiness, variety of choices, social interactions

What external factors motivate hunger?

Beliefs, values, mood, stress levels, self-esteem, biological factors, cognitive processes

What internal factors affect emotion?

Interactions, environmental stimuli, life events, cultural norms, weather conditions, media exposure

What external factors affect emotion?

The cognitive interpretation of emotions

This highly personal, subjective, difficult to control, varies between people, and has more negative experiences

Cognitive Appraisal

Interpreting situations or events with emotional and physiological responses

Cognitive Label

Mental interpretations of events & physiological reactions to them, shaping emotional experiences

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

A person's emotions can be influenced by the facial expressions they make

Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, suprise, & disgust

What are the 6 universally common facial expressions?

Broaden-&-Build Theory of Emotion

Positive emotions expand thinking & actions, leading to increase problem-solving & creativity

Display Rules

Cross-cultural norms for how and when to express emotions

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotions happen as a result of physiological reactions to events (ex. feeling fear bc u were sweating about a test)

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Emotions and physiological reactions happen at the same time (ex. u feel fear WHILE sweating simultaneously)

Schater & Singer 2 Factory Theory of Emotion

Emotions happen due to stimulation of the body and cognitive processes

Elicitor for Emotional Expressions

Stimuli, isutations, or events that cause emotional responses