AP Gov Unit 2

State of the Union Address

The annual speech given by the president to Congress and the American people outlining the administration’s legislative agenda and national priorities.

War Powers Resolution (1973)

A law limiting the president’s power to send troops into combat without congressional approval; requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours and withdraw troops after 60 days unless Congress authorizes action.

Twenty-Second Amendment (1951)

Limits the president to two terms (or a maximum of 10 years if finishing a predecessor’s term).

Treaty

A formal agreement between the U.S. and another country that requires a two-thirds vote in the Senate for approval.

Impeachment

The process by which the House of Representatives charges the president (or other officials) with “high crimes and misdemeanors”; if impeached, the Senate holds a trial to determine removal.

Executive branch

The branch of government responsible for enforcing laws; headed by the president and including the vice president, cabinet, and federal agencies.

Executive Office of the President (EOP)

The group of agencies that directly support and advise the president, such as the National Security Council (NSC) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

Part of the EOP; it helps the president create the federal budget and oversees the performance of federal agencies.

Formal (enumerated) powers

Powers explicitly granted to the president in the Constitution, such as being Commander-in-Chief, making treaties (with Senate approval), and appointing officials.

Informal powers

Powers not listed in the Constitution but developed over time, such as issuing executive orders, making executive agreements, and using the media to influence the public.

Bargaining and persuasion

The president’s use of negotiation and influence to gain support from Congress, political leaders, and the public to advance policy goals.

Going public

When the president appeals directly to the American people to pressure Congress into supporting their policies.

Bully pulpit

The president’s use of their prestige and visibility to speak out and be listened to on any matter, influencing public opinion and policy.

Executive order

A directive issued by the president that has the force of law without congressional approval, used to direct the actions of federal agencies.

Executive agreement

An international agreement made by the president with another country that does not require Senate approval (unlike a treaty).

Executive privilege

The president’s power to withhold information from Congress or the courts in order to protect national security or confidential communications.

Presidential pardon

The president’s constitutional power to forgive a person convicted of a federal crime and remove any punishment.

Signing statement

A written comment issued by the president when signing a bill into law, often explaining how they interpret or intend to enforce it.

Pocket veto

When the president takes no action on a bill within 10 days while Congress is adjourned, effectively vetoing it without a formal rejection.

Recess appointment

When the president appoints someone to a position while the Senate is not in session; the appointment lasts until the end of the next Senate session.